“Although our members research interests are quite diverse," says Group Chair Ei Terasawa, our projects can be subdivided into three principal areas--sensory and motor disorders, neuroendocrine disorders, and mental disorders."

Sensory and motor disorders seeing, grasping, tasting

Paul Kaufman, M.D., professor of ophthalmology, is one scientist studying the visual system. "The physiological and morphological features of the visual system in monkeys closely resemble those in humans," says Kaufman, whose work was highlighted in our centerís 1996 annual report. "This makes the monkey an indispensable model for eye diseases such as glaucoma, which is the second most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the U.S. and the most common among African-Americans," he says. 

He is working with one of the newest antiglaucoma agents, a derivative of prostaglandin F2a, to try and develop even more potent and specific therapies. By producing glaucoma in rhesus monkeys through laser trabecular scarification, he and his collaborators study neuronal damage in the retina and lateral geniculate nuclei due to chronically elevated intraocular pressure. "Identification of the earliest changes contributing to neuronal damage may suggest possible approaches for intervention and damage prevention," he says. 

Another of Kaufman's recent findings is that presbyobia, or the progressive loss of ability to focus as we age, is not caused solely by changes in the lens, but may also be caused by changes in the ciliary muscle. Stiffening of the ciliary muscle with age restricts its movement which, due to its attachments to the lens, may prevent the lens from changing shape and properly focusing. Kaufman aims to further elucidate the role of the ciliary muscle and lens in the development of presbyopia. 

"The restriction of ciliary movement could contribute to glaucoma as well as presbyopia since the muscle also has attachments in the fluid outflow pathways of the eye," he says. "Reduced agitation of fluid outflow pathways caused by ciliary muscle microcontractions could allow material to build up in the pathways, restricting flow and contributing to elevated intraocular pressure.” 

James VerHoeve, Ph.D., associate scientist in the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, has completed several recent projects on aging and declining eyesight. In 1996, he refined a technique that is proving useful in rapidly and objectively assessing the effects of aging on binocular vision in anesthetized non-human primates. He and his colleagues Yuri Danilov, Ph.D., Charlene Kim, Ph.D., and Lee Pier, B.S., are also studying retinal ganglion (central nerve) cells in young adult and old rhesus monkeys. "This work will bring us closer to understanding the anatomical locus of age-related visual deficits," he says. 

In a related clinical study, Ver Hoeve found computerized color sweep tests promising for assessing color perception in children. Visual-evoked potential (VEP) testing can objectively detect color-vision deficits in about 10 seconds. 

"This technique will allow objective color vision assessment in nonverbal individuals such as infants or nonhuman primates," he says. "It will likely also be useful in assessing the effects of aging on color vision." 

Peter van Kan, Ph.D., an assistant professor in motor control and behavior, records discharges from individual cerebellar output neurons while rhesus monkeys reach to grasp objects. The work may aid the design of prosthetic devices to compensate for impaired motor function. 

"We have discovered that simple forelimb movements do not activate cerebellar circuitry," he says. "But the coordinated action of reaching and grasping together does elicit high rates of neural discharge. Also, certain cerebellar regions are specialized for the control of specific tasks; intermediate cerebellar output only participates in actual grasping, not in controlling reach direction and hand positioning.” 

Van Kan has developed a new approach for studying relations between activity of individual neurons and reach to grasp movements. He studies monkeys as they reach in different ways and directions; reaching while holding onto something, reaching with thumb and forefinger, with the whole hand, or with free-form movements involving no hand or finger motion. 

"This behavioral paradigm allows us to compare individual cell discharge modulations during reaches that differ in hand involvement but are similar in trajectory and reaches requiring the same hand involvements but different trajectories. 

He recently used this approach to test whether grasp and transport (reach) components are integrated in brainstem's magnocellular red nuclei. These nuclei not only receive major input from interpositus discharges, the sole output of the intermediate cerebellum which controls grasp type, but also from the motor cortex, which likely encodes reach direction. 

"We found that differences in red nucleus discharge modulations during movements varying in reach direction are much smaller and less frequently observed than those during movements that vary in hand use," van Kan reveals. "So these nuclei likely do not play a major role in controlling direction. Instead, they probably contribute to the coordination of hand and finger movements with arm movements, and this coordination varies with reach direction. Such a function would also fit well with observations that, via the rubrospinal tract, the red nuclei have access to musculature of the entire forelimb, not just hand and finger muscles. 

Relating cell discharge to movement is correlational and cannot prove that discharge produces movement, van Kan points out. Yet, temporary, pharmacological inactivation of identified neural populations will allow him to further test his observations. He predicts that inactivation of interpositus and red nuclear neurons should have little effect on reaching movements that do not require a grasp component but should severely affect grasping, whereas inactivation of cells that contribute to the control of movement direction may impair reach accuracy. 

Goran Hellekant, D.V.M., Ph.D., professor of animal health and biomedical sciences, studies taste. Together with Ding Ming, Ph.D., a former graduate student, Hellekant recently discovered the new sweetener brazzein, a protein extracted from the tropical fruit, Pentadiplandra brazzeana, which grows in West Africa. 

"This natural protein differs from any known natural or artificial sweeteners in that it causes sweet taste only in Old World monkeys and humans," he says. "Unlike aspartame, brazzein has high thermostability, no known toxic side effects, and contains minimal calories, since it takes only 100 mg/L to sweeten liquids." 

Through recordings of taste nerve activity in rhesus during ethanol stimulation, Hellekant and his collegues have also revealed that pure alcohol (ethanol), long believed to be tasteless, does in fact impart a sweet taste of its own and that this inherent taste, along with ethanolÌs ability to suppress bitter taste, may play a larger role in beverage and medicine consumption than previously thought. 

Hellekant and his collegues have studied sweet taste in rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees, hamsters, pigs, calves, rabbits, rodents, and, most recently, common marmosets. Vicktoria Danilova, Ph.D., is conducting the marmoset taste studies at our center. Their research has helped change the misconception that all mammals are equal with regard to taste, especially sweet taste. 

"Sweet on the tongue of a rodent is not necessarily sweet to a human or a rhesus monkey," Hellekant says. 

Neuroendocrine mechanisms--the onset of puberty

Ei Terasawa, Ph.D., professor of pediatrics and Primate Center senior scientist, studies the hypothalamic neurons that contain luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). LHRH neurons release the neurohormone in a pulsatile manner. This pulsatility is essential for the synthesis and secretion of gonadotropins in the anterior pituitary gland and, hence, the maintenance of normal reproductive function in mammals.

Terasawa and her colleagues discovered in 1994 that, before the onset of puberty, pulsatile release of LHRH is inhibited by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and that the removal of this inhibiting factor initiates puberty. This finding was a major breakthrough in understanding mechanisms of the onset of puberty and how LHRH release can go awry, as in cases of precocious or delayed puberty. 

Terasawa, who joined the center in December 1973, has been steadily unraveling the mysteries of how the ovulatory cycle in primates is controlled by the complex interplay between the brain and circulating steroid hormones produced in the ovaries. She and her colleagues, including, at our center, Laurelee Luchansky, B.S., and Kim Keen, B.S., along with recent research associates Etsuko Kasuya and Masaharu Mizuno, Ph.D.'s, have been focusing on two major research questions: Why does puberty occur at a certain age of development, and how is pulsatile release of LHRH controlled by other neurotransmitters and ovarian steroids? 

In 1980, Terasawa proposed that an increase in pulsatile LHRH release from the hypothalamus, one of the most complex regions of the brain, rather than estrogen signals from the ovaries, initiates puberty. She and her colleagues subsequently proved this hypothesis by direct measurement of LHRH release in vivo. In primates, LHRH release is very high at birth, but declines after two months of age, and continues to be low throughout the juvenile period until puberty. 

By the early '90s, Terasawa had characterized that LHRH neurons were already functionally mature well before the onset of puberty. The application of electrical stimulation to the hypothalamus of juvenile animals increased LHRH release to levels seen in sexually mature animals. These observations led to the hypothesis that something in the brain must be inhibiting the release of LHRH until the onset of puberty, rather than the opposite case, in which something in the brain would have to stimulate LHRH maturation and release to trigger puberty and sexual maturation. 

"Stimulatory neurotransmitters for LHRH release do not play a critical role for the onset of puberty, although they are important for further progress of puberty," Terasawa explains. Her studies now focus on what removes the GABA inhibition right before the onset of puberty, and how inputs from stimulatory neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus interact with GABA signals to result in the adult-type LHRH release. 

Terasawa also studies how LHRH pulses are generated and how release is controlled. Because the neurons originate from the embryonic olfactory placode, or "fetal nose," and migrate into the hypothalamus during the embryonic stage (about 36 days into the 168-day gestation), she and her colleagues established a cell culture system for LHRH neurons obtained from fetal nose tissue. What she saw with the culture was that LHRH neurons release LHRH into media in a pulsatile manner at an interval similar to that observed in vivo. 

Moreover, LHRH neurons not only exhibit intracellular calcium oscillations, but these oscillations from individual neurons synchronized at an interval similar to in vitro LHRH release. 

"The mechanism governing LHRH pulse generation is still unclear," Terasawa says. "We have found that LHRH neurons possess an endogenous pulse-generating mechanism and this pulsatility is modulated by other neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, traveling through synapses, gap junctions and chemical diffusions. Yet, there is a large gap between knowledge obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies. Continuing in vivo measurements with molecular and cellular biological approaches and in vitro experiments will increase our understanding of LHRH pulse generation." 

"Neuroendocrine research in the rhesus monkey is indispensable for improvement of human health," adds Terasawa. "The hypothalamic control of the pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as the pituitary-somatotropic system in rhesus monkeys are comparable to those in humans, yet are unlike those in any other mammalian species." 

Hideo Uno, Ph.D., M.D., a senior scientist at the Primate Center and adjunct professor of pathology and laboratory medicine, is detecting developmental brain damage in fetuses caused by dexamethasone, a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid which he administers to pregnant rhesus monkeys late in gestation. 

"Corticosteroids are commonly used clinically to prevent lung disorders from occurring in prematurally born babies," says Dr. Uno. "They appear to restore normal functioning to the immature lung. In experimental animal studies, however, corticosteroids given during pregnancy cause brain damage in fetal as well as neonatal animals. Therefore, the benefit versus the risk of this treatment has been long debated in both the medical and research fields." 

About 10 years ago, Uno first discovered that neuronal damages were occurring in the hippocampi of fetal rhesus monkeys receiving prenatal administration of dexamethasone. Three days after treatment, late-gestational fetuses were delivered by Caesarian section for assessment of lung maturation and their brains microscopically examined. Although the neuronal damages were dose dependent, larger-than-clinical doses given for only two days caused severe degenerative changes of neurons in the hippocampus and a decreased number of neurons in the cortical regions. 

"We also found prolonged degenerative changes and delayed maturation of hippocampal neurons in naturally delivered fetuses that had the same treatment at the same gestational age," Uno says. "We are now examining postnatal brain damage caused by prenatal treatment of dexamethasone." 

For this research, five treated and three control monkeys were delivered naturally from 1990 to 1992 and kept with their mothers for one year. The dexamethasone-treated monkeys had higher cortisol levels than the controls during both basal and post-stress periods. In addition, elevated cortisol levels lingered much longer in the treated monkeys. MRI examination from 1992 to 94, when the animals were two to four years old, revealed that hippocampus size was approximately 20 percent smaller in the treated group than in the control animals. 

"Developmental brain damage caused by the prenatal treatment of dexamethasone is thus causing both structural and functional consequences in infant monkeys," Uno says. "We will continuously study the brain structures and neuroendocrine profiles of these monkeys as they grow, to gain further information on the long-term effects of prenatal adminstration of dexamethasone.” 

Uno, also a member of our center's Aging and Metabolic Diseases Research Group, in another study in 1990 found that prolonged social stress caused hippocampal neuronal cell degeneration among subordinate male wild vervet monkeys at the Kenya Primate Institute. Uno's current research also addresses the neurobiology of aging. He has found that amyloid plaques with immunopositive staining for beta-amyloid and amyloid precursor protein are present in the brains of monkeys older than 20 years. These plaques progressively increase with advancing age, indicating that captive monkeys may be a good model for studying this aspect of Alzheimer's disease. 

Mental disorders--anxiety and depression 

Studies by Ned Kalin, M.D., professor of psychiatry, and Richard Davidson, Ph.D., professor of psychology, suggest that neurons in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex are involved in clinically significant anxiety and depression. 

"This work is important because it sheds light on the biological mechanism underlying anxiety and depressive disorders," says Kalin. 

Kalin, chair of the UW Psychiatry Department, and colleague Steve Shelton, revealed in the early 1990s that excessive behavioral inhibition due to fear, an early marker for later development of clinical anxiety and depression, can exist in juvenile monkeys, just as it can in children. The monkeys exhibit increased adrenocortical activity, or increased levels of stress hormones, even when tested in nonstressful conditions. They also found that the parents of extremely inhibited juvenile monkeys with higher baseline cortisol levels frequently suffer from anxiety themselves. Again, this resembles the situation in humans. 

To delve further into these connections between people and monkeys, Kalin is studying the amygdala (a region of the brain that may regulate fearfulness) and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus, as substrates mediating emotion and sleep. His goal is to apply improved neurochemical knowledge gained from monkeys toward better methods of prevention for stress-related disorders, anxiety and depression. 

"Growing evidence suggests that overly fearful or shy children are at high risk for anxiety and depression later in life," says Kalin. He adds that long-term elevations of stress hormones may also contribute to allergies, gastric ulcers and cardiovascular disease. "Effective interventions would be particularly beneficial if they were applied at an early age.” 

Kalin and Davidson have also organized the HealthEmotions Research Institute, a new scientific institutute based in the psychiatry department at the UW Medical School. The instituteÌs goal is to bring together researchers from across campus to study how both positive and negative emotions affect the brain and health, to explore the mind-body connection in a scientific way. 

"The purpose of the HealthEmotions Research Institute is to determine scientifically how emotions influence health," Kalin states. 

Lowell Hokin, Ph.D., professor of pharmacology, known for his breakthrough research in the 1960s on the role of phosphoinositides in cell signaling, in 1997 revealed new evidence that shows specifically how lithium and valproate work together more effectively than alone in treating manic-depression. 

"Valproate behaves similarly to lithium at therapeutic concentrations, even though the two drugs are structurally unrelated," he says. "We found a common denominator, gluamate release, for both drugs." 

The two drugs release glutamate by different mechanisms, however; lithium inhibits presynaptic uptake while valproate increases presynaptic levels of glutamate. "We found that the effects of maximal concentrations of lithium and valproate on glutamate release are additive," he explains. "This additivity is consistent with the clinical benefit of combining the two drugs in the treatment of certain patients, those with rapid cycling manic-depression, for example." 

Looking ahead

Scientists in our Neurobiology Group depend on center resources and meet monthly to exchange information on new discoveries and discuss technical problems associated with research in nonhuman primates. 

"Through these meetings we found that the group needs to develop an MRI system for the monkey," Terasawa says. "Visualization of detailed cytoarchitecture of the living monkey brain with stereotaxic coordinates is a highly useful tool.” Kalin and Terasawa are working toward this goal. 

The group is also working on developing a library of fetal brain sections from different ages whenever extra material is available. The scientists can use these tissues for immunocytochemistry or in situ hybridization. 

The Neurobiology Group has extensive ties to the Aging and Metabolic Diseases Group. Joseph Kemnitz, Ph.D., and Jon Ramsey, Ph.D., are exploring the effects neuropeptides, especially leptin, in the regulation of energy balance. Terasawa proposes to study changes in hypothalamic aging. Uno studies pathological changes in the aging brain and collaborates with affiliate James Holden, Ph.D., professor of medical physics and radiology. Terasawa and her colleagues also have a collaborative arrangement with our Physiological Ethology and Psychobiology Groups, because of common interests in neuroendocrine studies. 

The Neurobiology Group is part of a larger neuroscience community on campus. Over 110 scientists are involved in neuroscience research, and most of our groupÌs members are active in the Neuroscience Training Program for graduate student education. Campus affiliates include Dan Ulrich, Ph.D., associate professor of medical sciences and anatomy; Peter Lipton, Ph.D., professor of physiology; and Philippa Claude, Ph.D., associate scientist, Department of Zoology. Group members also collaborate with many other scientists in the U.S. and abroad. 

Field notes

Fazenda Montes Claros in Minas Gerais, Brazil 

Jessica Lynch, an anthropology graduate student working with Karen Strier, returned this August from an 11-month field study in Brazil on brown capuchin, or ìtuftedî monkeys (Cebus apella). The capuchins live sympatrically with muriqui monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides), which Strier has studied in the wild for the past 15 years. "These animals provide interesting comparative perspectives on primate behavioral ecology," Strier says. 

Lynch's study focused on male capuchin monkey behavior and endocrinology. In a Dec. 23, 1996, letter from the Atlantic coastal rainforest station, Lynch reported obstacles she faced in collecting her daily data: "The monkeys are using the highest mountain in all of the biological station on a regular basis, lots of bamboo and few trails. Finding them and staying with them is difficult." 

She lived at the research house along with Laiena Dib and Andreia da Oliva, two of Strier's other students who were working on her long-term muriqui study. In addition, Alice Guimaraes, a master's student of center affiliate Anthony Rylands, was completing her research on a third primate at this site, the buffy-headed marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps). Strier is collaborating with Sergio Mendes in developing a comparative reproductive ecology and life history study including all four sympatric primates at this site: muriqui, cebus, buffy-headed marmoset and brown howler monkey (Alouatta fusca). 

Nisia Floresta Field Station, Natal, Brazil 

Cristina Lazaro-Perea is a research assistant working with Charles Snowdon and Toni Ziegler on field collaborations between our center and the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte in Natal. She studies social interactions between dominant and suboordinate female wild common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and intergroup encounters, dispersal of young adults, and formation of new groups. She spent most of the year in Brazil, returning to the center only in June to summarize data. 

Maria Bernardete de Sousa, a visiting scientist at our center in 1996 and '97, continued to work with Ziegler, Snowdon and Lazaro-Perea at Nisia Floresta, studying fecal hormonal analysis in common marmosets. 

Nanyuki, Kenya 

Anne Carlson, a zoology graduate student working with Toni Ziegler and Charles Snowdon, is in Kenya's Central Highlands at a field site established by Lynne Isbell, a professor at the University of California-Davis. Carlson is studying reproduction and behavior in wild patas monkeys (Erythocebus patas). She uses fecal steroid extraction methods she and Ziegler developed at our center. 

In a letter to Ziegler this fall, Carlson reported that she found the patas monkeys on 15 of the 18 days she had so far spent in the field, which she described as an extraordinary 83 percent find rate. In October, she was regularly collecting fecal samples on six females and was aiming to add three more over the next six months. 

Karen Pazol, an anthropology graduate student from the University of Pennsylvania who is working with Ziegler is also in Kenya studying blue mon-keys (Cercopithecus mitis). She trained in our centerÌs assay labs earlier this year to learn about fecal steroid monitoring and ovarian function. Pazol and Carlson will analyze their samples at our center next year.

Our Aging and Metabolic Diseases GroupÌs dietary restriction studies have been receiving a great deal of press lately. In addition to coverage in the November 1997 National Geographic, Science News described the research in March, Life Extension magazine addressed the topic in August, and NCRR Reporter and The New York Times ran articles in October. The studies have also attracted the attention of international media. In April, center staff welcomed a crew from ARV, a public TV station in Hamburg, Germany, with a viewership of 3.5 million people. The crew videotaped our animal care staff feeding the daily meal to monkeys that have been eating 30 percent less of a nutritious diet than normal for the past eight years. The animals are starting to reveal significant clues into the aging process. Leading the studies are Joseph Kemnitz, Richard Weindruch and Ellen Roecker. Scientists at the National Institute on Aging are conducting similar studies in this area.

Gabriele Lubach, Ph.D. (Psychobiology) is coordinator and WRPRC Director Emeritus Robert Goy is president of the Friends of the Primate Center Library (FPCL), established this June to support the information programs of the Primate Center Library. The FPCL's purpose, membership levels and benefits, current projects, book sale, officers and other information are described on line. Please check out the Friends of the Library, spread the word and become a Friend! 

Grants 

Joe Kemnitz, Ph.D., grant from Pharmacia and Upjohn to study a new insulin sensitizing anti-diabetes agent. 

Miroslav Malkovsky, Ph.D., one-year NIH grant to study nonpeptidic vaccines in AIDS. 

David Watkins, Ph.D., and colleagues, three NIH grants: EBV/SIV chimera vectors for AIDS virus vaccination; Influence of CTLs and MHC in resistance to SIV in vivo, and MHC-defined and MHC-identical primates for AIDS research. 

Hideo Uno, Ph.D., M.D., grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Institute to fund project titled, "The effect of a potassium channel opener on follicular growth in bald stumptailed macaques," and grant from Sankyo Research Laboratory to study, "The effect of a steroid 5-alpha reductase inhibitor on serum DHT and prevention of follicular regression." 

Visiting scientists 

Mark Lane, Ph.D., affiliate scientist from the National Insititute on Aging Geriatric Research Center, and programmer Phil Thorne visited center staff Joe Kemnitz, Brad Davidowitz, Paul DuBois and Ricki Colman to review data on aging macaques and develop a shared database. 

Veronique VanderHorst, Ph.D., University of Groningen, Netherlands. Conducting NCRR-funded research project, "The brain-stem cord circuitry for reproductive behavior in the adult female rhesus monkey" with Ei Terasawa, Ph.D. 

Joyce Chou, Ph.D., Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute in Buffalo, New York. Visited Hideo Uno, M.D., Ph.D., Sept. 29-Oct. 3, to study tissue freeze-dry technique of human and macaque scalp skin for the application of percutaneous absorption of topical drugs. 

Hiroshi Yamamoto, D.V.M., Ph.D., associate professor at the Institute for Laboratory Animal Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan, Sept. 19. 

Ann LaBlans, laboratory animal technologist, Queen's University, Canada, and Susanne Rensing, veterinarian at the German Primate Center, Aug. 25. 

Kari Christe, veterinarian from the primate medicine residence program at the California Regional Primate Research Center, July 14-18 and Aug. 18-22.

Appointments

Maria Salvato, Ph.D., four-year term, National Institutes of Health International and Cooperative Projects (ICP) Study Section, Division of Research Grants. 

Ted Golos, Ph.D., four-year term, chartered member of the NIH Biochemical Endocrinology Study Section. 

Christine O'Rourke, D.V.M., certified as a Diplomate of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM).

Our investigators periodically summarize their work into research highlights to assist us with annual reporting requirements and outreach efforts. These highlights span many research areas, including those below. Aging and Metabolic Disease á Osteoporosis á Caloric restriction and aging á Pathology of aging in rhesus macaques Immunogenetics á Improved techniques for analyzing human and rhesus monkey MHC gene loci á MHC class I and immunity to viral infections Immunology and Virology á Therapeutic potential for pertussis toxin therapy for AIDS patients á Positron emission topography (PET) imaging for studies of AIDS disease progression á Protective effects of low dose SIV infection Neurobiology á Neural transplantation for treatment of injury and disease in the central nervous system. á Impaired vision and aging. á New approaches to glaucoma therapy Physiological Ethology á Hormonal responses to parental and nonparental conditions in males cotton-top tamarins á Metabolism of reproductive steroids during the ovarian cycle in two species of New World primates á Sexual dimorphism in brains of normal and pseudohermaphroditic rhesus monkeys á Reproductive ecology of wild muriqui monkeys Psychobiology á Fluoxetine (Prozac) side effect in nonhuman primates. á Prenatal alcohol exposure. á Lead toxicity á Behavioral inhibitions and fear responses Reproduction and Development á Early primate embryo development á Optimal embryo transfer and culture procedures á Causes of infertility and reduced fertility á Maternal-fetal interactions and fetal growth and well being 

Larry Jacobsen wins top service award

Because of his many contributions to primate research, conservation and education, our head of Library Services was thus named the recipient of the 1997 American Society of Primatologists Distinguished Service Award June 30 during the society's 20th Annual Meeting in San Diego. 

In accepting the award, Larry said, "I want to thank the people in the audience and in the field of primatology for giving me the opportunity to have a wonderful career and to really encourage the kinds of educational services that have come out of our center." 

The library serves many researchers, instructors, staff and students on campus as well as nationally and internationally. In addition to science journals and newsletters, it contains many special collections, including more than 6,300 slides, 600 videos, a rare book collection, and a children's literature section used by College for Kids summer programs and for teacher education. Along with Jacobsen, the library's permanent staff includes Joanne Brown and Ray Hamel. 

Larry and his staff provide several widely used Internet services such as job postings, document delivery on campus, a reference service, and a discussion forum called "Primate-Talk.” The library also produces the International Directory of Primatology, the onlycomprehensive source of accurate information about organizations involved in primate research, education and conservation.