THE PRIMATES (Anthropology 2011--Introductory Level)
Course instructor:
Colin Groves
Australian National University
Archaeology & Anthropology
Canberra, NC, A.C.T. 0200
Australia
Email: grocpre@durras.anu.edu.au
BACKGROUND
The course The Primates (ANTH2011) is given every alternate year
(alternating with Human Evolution). It was last given in First Semester,
(March-June) 1995.
The Australian National University has around 8,000 undergraduate students.
The Department of Archaeology & Anthropology has 16 staff members, including
9 Socio-cultural Anthropologists, 5 Archaeologists, and 2 Biological
Anthropologists. (We also have an average of 4 Postdoctoral Fellows at any
one time; at present, 2 of these are Biological Anthropologists). We run an
average of 32 courses in any one year (not all of these, by any means, are
full-semester units). The unit The Primates this year attracted an
enrolment of 56 students, one of the largest enrolments in this Department.
A semester lasts 13 weeks, with 2 lectures, an hour-long (or 2
half-hour-long) films and up to 4 (as many as required) tutorials per week;
there is a 2-week break in mid-semester.
Assessment is usually by two essays (for 40% each) and two class tests (for
10% each).
LECTURE LEVEL for 1995 course:
Week 1. Introduction and overview of the Primates. (A handout with a
summary of primate taxonomy is issued, and in lectures slides are shown
illustrating all major groups (down to subfamily at least), with mention of
their basic distinguishing features. Students are advised to learn and
internalise the names and basic distinctions, as no quarter will be given in
subsequent lectures).
Week 2. Primate taxonomy; Primate evolution. (Handouts are issued defining
such concepts as Biological and Phylogenetic Species Concepts; Subspecies;
Genus; Taxon; Mono-, par- and polyphyly; sym-, para- and allopatry; rules of
nomenclature).
Week 3. Nutrition; ecology; behaviour. (Principles of nutrition and
digestion; methods of study; problem of toxicity; rainforest and other
primate enviornments; limiting factors; predation, competition; genetic
basis of behaviour; learning; social organisation).
Week 4. Madagascar lemurs. (Their taxonomic diversity; uncertainties of
taxonomic arrangement; locomotion, diet, activity rhythm; brief overview of
important field studies taking Microcebus murinus, Lemur catta and Indri
indri as exemplars of different social organisations; special themes like
the mystery of the Aye-aye).
Week 5. Loridae, tarsiers, Callitrichidae. (Charles-Dominique's classic
study of Gabon lorids; advancing galago taxonomy; phyletic position and
social organisation of tarsier; marmoset and tamarin taxonomy, social
organisation, outstanding problems).
Week 6. Other New World Monkeys. (Aotus, Saimiri and Callicebus taxonomy;
Saimiri reproduction and social organisation; Cebus social organisation and
psychology; pitheciine diet and feeding; why Alouatta palliata is not an
all-purpose howler; field studies of atelids; morphology and social
behaviour of Brachyteles).
Week 7. Macaques. (Macaca mulatta and M.fuscata as "prototype" Old World
Monkeys; diversity of macaques, especially Sulawesi; "protocultural"
behaviours in M.fuscata; misuse of macaques - Harlow studies and Ainsworth's
critique, and the "Hundredth Monkey Effect").
Week 8. Babbons. (Questions of baboon taxonomy; field studies of the five
species; hybridisation).
Week 9. Other Old World Monkeys. (What is known of mandrills and drills;
geladas, and comparison with hamadryas baboons; two groups of mangabeys; the
Cercopithecus group, including Miopithecus social organisation, and the
polyspecific association theme).
Week 10. Colobidae. (Themes include the infanticide problem; comparing Red
and Black-and-White Colobus; leaf- and seed-eating; and what is the real
social organisation of Proboscis Monkeys, Simakobu and Snub-nosed Monkeys).
Week 11. Gibbons and Orang Utans. (Gibbon taxonomy; siamang and lar in
sympatry; the problem of Nomascus social grouping; hybridization in Khao Yai
and at Barito Ulu; why the Orang Utan is a hominid; are there two species of
Pongo; orang social organisation: initial disbelief, long-term studies,
continuing surprises).
Week 12. Gorillas and Chimpanzees. (Taxonomy and distribution;
relationship to each other and to humans; variations in gorilla ecology and
behaviour; emerging information on western gorillas; chimpanzee community
organisation, and do gorillas have a form of this too; comparing Gombe,
Mahale and Tai).
Week 12. Bonobos; and the intelligence and congitive status of apes.
FILMS SHOWN
Introduction to the Primates (a 30 minute teaching video made by yours
truly); Life in the Trees (from David Attenborough's "Life on Earth"
series); Signs of the Apes, Songs of the Whales; Spirits of the Forest; The
Lilliputian Monkeys, The Monkey Community, The Life of a Macaque, Learning
the Ropes of Life, The Forest Men, Bleeding Heart Monkeys, What a Funny
Nose, The Broken Mirror (all from the "From Monkeys to Apes" series);
Hamadryas Babbons of Saudi Arabia; Orangutan Orphans of the Forest; Jane
Goodall a Life in the Wild; Too close for comfort; Gorilla.
The following topics were selected for TUTORIAL DISCUSSION (after an initial
tutorial demonstrating primate skulls and skeletons):
What taxonomy means
The earliest...
What is dominance?
What is territoriality?
Olfactory communication
Females being dominant
Helpers and polyandry
Avoiding competition
Which sex disperses?
Species differences in behaviour
New behaviours
On Sulawesi
Baboon life-histories
Genes flowing (ref. baboons!)
Male strategies
Polyspecific troops
Leaf-eating
Killing babies
Monogamy
Orang Utan solitary life
Gorilla life-histories
Chimpanzee tool-making
TEXTS
The basic course text was Napier & Napier, 1985. The Natural History of the
Primates. Emphasis here on BASIC. Other books which students were expected
to consult as occasion arose were:
Chivers (ed.) Malayan Forest Primates
Clutton-Brock (ed.) Primate Ecology
Dunbar Primate Social Systems
Fleagle Primate Adaptation and Evolution
Groves A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution
Jolly Evolution of Primate Behaviour
Kavanagh Complete Guide to monkeys, apes and other primates
Martin Primate Origins and Evolution
Martin, Doyle & Walker Prosimian Biology
Napier & Napier Handbook of Living Primates
Richard Primates in Nature
Rowell Social Behaviour of Monkeys
Smuts, Cheney, Seyfarth, Wrangham & Struhsaker Primate Societies
Wolfheim Primates of the World
BUT students are expected, nay required, to consult the primary literature.
COMMENTS
The final course results were, as always, very encouraging. Lots of very
good essays on complex themes ("What effect have Terrace's criticisms had on
the way ape-language researchers have worked?"; good discussions of
Territoriality, of Species Concepts, of One-male Groups, of Conservation).
1995 READING LIST
ANTH2011
THE PRIMATES
DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORY AND ANTHROPOLOGY
THE FACULTIES
TEXT BOOK:
NAPIER J.R. & P.H.1985The Natural
History of the Primates.
Recommended Reading:
The following books will be constantly referred to during the course, and may
contain relevant information on many topics.
CHIVERS, D.J. (ed) Malayan Forest
Primates. (Studies on gibbons,
langurs and macaques in a forest in
West Malaysia.)
CLUTTON-BLOCK, T.H. 1977 Primate
Ecology.
(ed)
DUNBAR, R.I.M. 1988 Primate Social
Systems. (Theoretical: not a
text-book.)
FLEAGLE, J.G. 1988 Primate Adaptation
and Evolution.
GROVES, C.P. 1989 A theory of Human
and Primate Evolution.
(Theoretical issues on taxonomy and
evolution; primates.)
HILL, W.C.O. (1953-1978) Evolutionary
Biology of the Primates (vols. I-
VIII).
JOLLY, Alison 1986 The Evolution of
Primate Behaviour. Second edition.
KAVANAGH, M. 1983 A complete guide to
monkeys, apes and other primates.
(Genus by genus; excellent on
behavioural ecology.)
MARTIN, R.D. 1990 Primate Origins and
Evolution. (Evolution, anatomy)
MARTIN, R.D., 1974 Prosimian Biology. (Huge compendium of
DOYLE, G.A. & papers on all aspects of 'prosimian'
WALKER, A.C. (eds) anatomy, taxonomy,evolution, behaviour
and ecology - getting out of date.)
NAPIER, J.R. & P.H. 1967 Handbook of
Living Primates. (Source book for
data of all kinds of primates: now
out of date in many respects.)
RICHARD, Alison 1985 Primates in
Nature.
ROWELL, Thelma 1972 The Social
Behaviour of Monkeys.
SMUTS, B.B., 1986 Primate Societies.
(This would
CHENEY, D.L., be an excellent
starting point
SEYFARTH, R.M., for readings on the
societies of
WRANGHAM, R.W. and particular groups
of primates, as
STRUHSAKER, T.T. (eds) well as
individual topics.)
WOLFHEIM, J.H. 1983 Primates of the
World: Distribution, Abundance and
Conservation. (Primarily for
conservation purposes, but with
many useful items on ecology etc.)
Locomotion:
ANDREWS, P. & 1975 Gibbons and
brachiation, in D.D.
GROVES, C.P. Rumbaugh (ed) Gibbon
and Siamang
4:167-218.
FLEAGLE, J.G. 1977 Brachiation and
Biomechanics: the Siamang as
example. Malay Nat.J. 30:45-51.
GEBO, D.L. 1985 The nature of the
primate grasping foot. AJPA,
67:269-277.
GEBO, D.L. 1987 Locomotor diversity
in prosimian primates.
Amer.J.Primat. 13:271-281.
NAPIER & NAPIER 1967 Section in Part
I, Handbook of Living Primates.
RACZKOWSKI, O. 1975 Primate
Evolution: were traits selected
for arboreal locomotion or visually
directed predation? Science,
187:455-6.
TUTTLE, R.H., 1979 Anthropology on
the move:
CORTRIGHT, G.W. & progress in
experimental studies
BUXHOEVEDEN, D.P. of nonhuman
primate positional
behaviour. Ybk.Phys.Anthrop.
22:187-214.
Evolution and Fossil Primates:
ANDREWS, P. 1992 Evolution and
environment in the Hominoidea.
Nature, 360:641-6.
ANDREWS, P. 1982 Hominoid evolution.
Nature, 295:185-6.
ANDREWS, P. & 1982 The relationships
of Sivapithecus and
CRONIN, J.E. Ramapithecus and the
evolution of the
orangutan. Nature, 297:541-6.
BEGUN, D.R. 1992 Miocene fossil
hominids and the chimpanzee-human
clade. Science, 257:1929-33.
CARTMILL, M. 1974 Rethinking primate
origins, Science, 184:436-443.
FLEAGLE, J.G. 1988 Primate adaptation
and Evolution.
HOFFSTETTER, R. 1974 Phylogeny and
geographical deployment of the
primates, J.Hum, Evol., 3:327-350.
KELLEY, J. & PILBEAM, D.R. 1986 The
dyopithecines: taxonomy,
comparative anatomy and phylogeny
of Miocene large hominoids.
Comp.Primate Biol., 1:361-411.
LUCKETT, W.P. 1976 Cladistic
relationships among primate higher
categories: evidence of the foetal
membranes and placenta, Folia
primat. 25:245-276.
PICKFORD, M. 1986 A reappraisal of
Kenyapithecus. pp.163-172 in J.G.
Else & P.C. Lee, ed., Primate
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strategies, body size, and
encephalization in primate
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156.
SZALAY, F.S. 1980 Fossil History of
the Primates.
& DELSON, E.
WHEATLEY, B.P. 1987 The evolution of
large body size in Orangutans: a
model for hominoid divergence.
Amer.J.Primat. 13:313-324.
Feeding, Diet and Ecology
CHARLES-DOMINIQUE, P. 1974 Ecology &
feeding behaviour of five species
of sympatric Lorisids in Gabon.
Prosimian Biology 131-150.
CHIVERS, David J. (ed) Malaysian
Forest Primates.
CHIVERS, D.J. (ed) 1986 Nutrition,
diet and feeding adaptations.
Section II in J.G. Else and P.C.
Lee (eds), Primate Ecology and
Conservation.
CLUTTON-BROCK, T.H. 1977 Primate
ecology and social
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GARTLAN, J.S. 1978 Soils, forest
structure and feeding
McKEY, D.B. & behaviour of Primates
in a Cameroon
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GAUTIER-HION, A. 1980 Seasonal
variations of diet related to
species and sex in a community of
Cercopithecus monkeys.
J.Anim.Ecol. 49:237-269.
GAUTIER-HION, A. 1983 Leaf
consumption by monkeys in western
and eastern Africa: a comparison.
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GLANDER, K.E. 1977 Poison in a
monkey's Garden of Eden. Nat.Hist.
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HELLEKANT, G., 1982 Study of
behavioural and
D. GLASER, neurophysiological
experiments on
J. BROUWER & the sweet taste in five
primates.
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7:183-6.
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in primates. NIPS, 1:76-79.
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and home range
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259:459-462.
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the South
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RICHARD, A.F.& 1981 Sociobiology:
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11:231-255.
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Reproduction and Kinship
ANGST, W. & 1977 New data and a
discussion of infant
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HANBY, J.P. 1974 Male-male mounting
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behaviour of a
ROBERTSON, L.T. & confined troop of
Japanese
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HARCOURT, A.H. 1978 Strategies of
emigration and transfer by
primates, with particular reference
to Gorillas. Z.Tierpsychol.
48:401-420.
HARPENDING, H. & 1986 Primate
population structure:
S. COWAN evaluation of models.
AJPA, 70:63-8.
HERBERT, J. 1970 Hormones and
reproductive behaviour in rhesus
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JEWELL, P.A. & 1969 Breeding activity
in Prosimians
OATES, J.F. and small rodents in
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KUHN, H-J 1972 On the perineal organ
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LEUTNEGGER, W. 1978 Scaling of sexual
dimorphism in body size and
breeding systems in Primates.
Nature, 272:610-1.
LOY, J. 1987 The sexual behaviour of
African monkeys and the question of
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(ed), Comparative Behaviour of
African Monkeys.
MEIKLE, D.B., 1984 Dominance rank,
secondary sex ratio,
B.L. TILFORD & and reproduction of
offspring in
S.H. VESSEY polygynous primates.
Amer.Nat., 124:173-188.
MELNICK, D.J. 1988 The genetic
structure of a primate species:
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MICHAEL, R.P. & 1970 Primate sex
pheromones of vaginal
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PETTER- 1963 Reproductive behaviour
and
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monogamy in primates.
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van SCHAIK, C.P. & 1983 Social stress
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SCRUTON, D.M. & 1970 The menstrual
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SHIDELER, S.E. & 1982 A comparison of
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BATES, B.C. 1970 Territorial
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copulatory behaviour, and
differential reproduction.
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overthrows in rhesus monkey
I.S. BERNSTEIN groups.
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topic.)
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JHE, 3:509-516.
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of intellect in monkeys, apes and humans.
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Lokofe region of the Republic of Zaire. J.Afr.Zool. 108:381-396.
SAVAGE-RUMBAUGH, E.S. & 1994 Kanzi: the Ape at the Brink of the LEWIN, R.
Human Mind. John Wiley.
SAVAGE-RUMBAUGH,E.S., 1986 Spontaneous symbol
acquisition and
McDONALD, K., SEVCIK, R.A., communicative use by
Pygmy Chimpanzees.
HOPKINS, W.D., & RUBERT, E. J.Exper.Psychol.:
General, 115:211-235
SAVAGE-RUMBAUGH E.S. & 1978 Socio-sexual behaviour
in Pan paniscus
WILKERSON, B.J. and Pan troglodytes: a comparative
study. J.Hum.Ecol., 7:327-344.
SHEA, B.T. 1983 Padeomorphosis and neoteny in the
Pygmy Chimpanzee. Science, zzz:521-2.
SUSMAN, R.L. (ed) 1984 The Pygmy chimpanzee.
(Various papers.)
UEHARA, S. 1988 Grouping patterns of wild Pygmy
Chimpanzees observed at a marsh grassland
amidst the tropical rain forest of Yalosidi,
Republic of Zaire. Primates, 29:41-52.
WHITE, F.J. 1988 Party composition and dynamics in
Pan paniscus. Int. J. Primatol. 9:179-193.
Key to major Journals: (a) in 6ql1 section:
Folia primat. or Folia primatol. -
Folia primatologica.
Primates - Primates.
Amer. J. Primatol. - American
Journal of Primatology.
Int. J. Primatol. - International
Journal of Primatology.
(b) in 6qh301 section:
JHE. - Journal of Human Evolution
(c) in 6gn1 section:
AJPA. - American Journal of
Physical Anthropology.
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/syllabi/groves.html
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February 19, 2002
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