Edited by Jochen Braun, Christof Koch, and Joel L. Davis A Bradford Book The MIT Press 2001 FROM THE COVER: The neurobiology and psychology of attention have much to learn from each other. Neurobiologists recognize that responses in sensory cortex depend on the behavioral relevance of a stimulus, but have few ways to study how perception changes as a result. Psychologists have the conceptual and methodological tools to do just that, but are confounded by the multiple interpretations and theoretical ambiguities. This book attempts to bridge the two fields and to derive a comprehensive theory of attention from both neurobiological and psychological data. It highlights situations where attention can be seen to alter both neural activity and psychophysical performance/phenomenal experience. This "bicultural"; approach contributes not only to attention research but to the larger goal of conscious experience. The book focuses mainly on the effects of visual attention on the ventral and dorsal streams of visual cortex in human and monkeys and the associated changes in visual performance. Several large findings emerge: attention may involve more than one neural system; attention modulates all stages of cortical visual processing; the effect of attention is constrained by the intrinsic connectivity of cortex and the resulting contextual interactions; and the notion of a "saliency map"; remains central to thinking about visual attention. The book also considers several approaches to evaluating the same variable through different methods, such as behavioral measurements, functional imaging, and single-unit recording. Jochen Braun is Professor of Cognitive and Theoretical neurobiology at the University of Plymouth. Christof Koch is Professor of Computation and Neural Systems at the California Institute of Technology and the author of Biophysics of Computation. Joel L. Davis is a Scientific Officer, Computational Neuroscience, at the Office of Naval Research. CONTENTS Preface ix Overview xi Jochen Braun and Christof Koch 1. Imaging Expectations and Attentional Modulations in the Human Brain 1 Maurizio Corbetta and Gordon L. Shulman 2. Neuronal Correlates of Attention in Human Visual Cortex 25 David J. Heeger, Sunil P. Gandhi, Alexander C. Huk, and Geoffrey M. Boynton 3. Capacity Limits in Selective Attention: Behavioral Evidence and Implications for Neural Activity 49 Nilli Lavie 4. Frontal Lobe Function and the Control of Visual Attention 69 John Duncan 5. Attentional Modulation of Contextual Influences 89 Minami Ito, Gerald Westheimer, and Charles D. Gilbert 6. Effects of Attention on the Responsiveness and Selectivity of Individual Neurons in Visual Cerebral Cortex 103 John H. R. Maunsell and Carrie J. McAdams 7. Neural Mechanisms of Attentional Selection 121 John H. Reynolds and Robert Desimone 8. From Attention to Action in Frontal Cortex 137 Kirk G. Thompson, Narcisse P. Bichot, and Jeffrey D. Schall 9. Separating Attention from Chance in Active Visual Search 159 Brad C. Motter and James W. Holsapple 10. Two Computational Models of Attention 177 George Sperling, Adam Reeves, Erik Blaser, Zhong-Lin Lu, and Erich Weichselgartner 11. Perceptual Consequences of Multilevel Selection 215 Jochen Braun, Christof Koch, D. Kathleen Lee, and Laurent Itti 12. The Resolution of Ambiguous Motion: Attentional Modulation and Development 243 Shinsuke Shimojo, Katsumi Watanabe, and Christian Scheier 13. The Relevance of Fisher Information for Theories of Cortical Computation and Attention 265 Alexandre Pouget, Sophie Deneve, and Peter E. Latham 14. From Foundational Principles to a Hierarchical Selection Circuit for Attention 285 John K. Tsotsos, Sean M. Culhane, and Florin Cutzu Contributors 307 Index 309 WHERE TO ORDER: The MIT Press Five Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02142-1493 PHONE: 1-800-356-0343 (617) 625-8569 FAX: (617) 625-6660 E-MAIL: mitpress-orders@mit.edu PRICE: $60.00 ISBN 0-262-02493-4
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