CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS Compiled by Brookfield Zoo Chicago Zoological Society 2001 GREETINGS Since Brookfield Zoo hosted the conference The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century in May 2000, ape welfare and conservation issues have gained broader exposure and more focused attention throughout the world. The U.S. Great Ape Conservation Act of 2000 was a welcome and needed commitment of resources. More recently, in step with the resolution drafted by conference attendees and sent to UNESCO, the UN Environmental Program launched their Great Ape Survival Project (GRASP) with seed money and a request for continued support. Multiple projects, conferences, initiatives, and resolutions have focused on bushmeat, sanctuaries, land use, park protection, community education, and other concerns regarding ape care and protection. The breadth of these endeavors and the dedication seen on so many fronts speak to the great value people place on conserving apes. Despite these efforts, the present threats to apes, their habitats, and to a broader conservation ethic loom as large as they ever have. We are pleased to offer the proceedings from The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century. Please bear in mind that these proceedings are a compilation of materials from a wide variety of authors with diverse opinions on taxonomy, considerations on captivity, and field research agendas. Equally diverse are the writing styles, particularly in the bibliographic sections. Therefore, Brookfield Zoo staff elected to copy edit to ensure readability rather than significantly alter the authors' submissions. The publication and distribution of these proceedings are a continuation of the following goals established for the conference: * To share information on recent developments related to ape behavior, nutrition, veterinary medicine, conservation, genetics, physical anthropology, reproduction, cognition, training, husbandry, and exhibit design. * To create a support base for ape conservation issues by strengthening the network of conservators of apes. * To address pressing ape conservation needs by clarifying and creating awareness of the challenges facing apes. * To broadly disseminate conference presentations through publication of conference proceedings and public media. We thank all of the nearly 400 attendees and the 130 presenters for supporting these goals through their involvement in the conference. We appreciated this opportunity for primatologists, zoo professionals, field biologists, and other attendees to share their perspectives and establish common goals for ape conservation and welfare. Although the conference presentations do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the Chicago Zoological Society and Brookfield Zoo, we believe the conference did achieve a climate of mutual respect and understanding for the many diverse points of view represented. The conference especially benefited from the attendees from ape range countries. Their experience and expertise provided a greater sense of urgency and a balanced perspective for many ape conservation issues. Conserving ape species will ultimately succeed only through international cooperation and an understanding of the residents of the countries where apes are found. We wish to thank those who supported The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century with donations of time, materials, auction items, and financial support. We are especially grateful to the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Fund of Conservation International and to American Airlines for their generosity. With revenue from the conference's silent auction and raffle, Brookfield Zoo has been able to support game guard protection of bonobos in the Democratic Republic of Congo, urgently-needed field surveys of eastern black-crested gibbons in Vietnam, community conservation education efforts for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia, western lowland gorilla research in the Afi Mountain region of Nigeria, chimpanzee protection and placement projects in Uganda, and ape conservation poster projects of the Primate Conservation and Welfare Society. The proceedings from The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century are also available through Brookfield Zoo's Web site www.brookfieldzoo.org. Our thanks to all for making the conference a success. The Primate Department Chicago Zoological Society CONTENTS Foreword viii George B. Rabb I. Keynote Papers The Swinging Singing Apes: Fighting for Food and Family in Far-East Forests 1 David.J.Chilers Securing a Future for the Wild Orangutan 29 Carel P. van Schaik The 21st Century Gorilla: Progress or Perish? 36 Claudia Olegniczak Do Chimpanzees Survive the 21st Century? 43 Toshisada Nishida, Richard W. Wrangham, James H. Jones, Andrew Marshall, and James Wakibara Bonobo Survival and a Wartime Conservation Mandate 52 Gay Reinartz and Inogwabini Bila Isia Biodiversity Issues Affecting Primates 57 Russell Mittermeier II. CAPTIVITY Behavior A Mixed Exhibit of Orangutans and Gibbons at the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust 63 Rupert Beck Bachelor Gorilla Introductions: Using Empirical Data in Decision-Making 67 Kyle Burks A Longitudinal Study of Maternal Behavior and Group Cohesion in a Gorilla Group at Lincoln Park Zoo 71 Jennie Crosby and Kristen Lukas A Problematic Introduction of a Subadult Male Gorilla and Attempts at Creative Solutions 73 Jeannine Jackle, Gail O'Malley, and Shane Siers Behavioral Analysis of a Blackback Gorilla in a Multi-Female Group 75 Alexandra Lucas and Kristen Lukas The Process of Integrating Two Gorilla Groups at Lincoln Park Zoo 77 Kristen E. Lukas, Beth A. Noe, Courtney A. Limestall, and Robin Fitzgerald Social Interactions Among Female Gorillas Before and After the Introduction of a New Silverback 79 Susan W. Margulis, Jessica Whitham, and Kevin Ogorzalek New Kids on the Block: About Gorilla Introductions 83 Sjaak van den Nieuwendijk Establishing and Managing a Bachelor Troop of Gorillas at Disney's Animal Kingdom 85 Barhara Weber, Connie Philipp, and Nancy Pratt Is Giving Chimpanzees Control Over Environmental Enrichment a Good Idea? 88 M.A. Bloomsmith, K.C. Baker, S.P. Lambeth, S.K. Ross, and SJ. Schapiro Group Formation in Captive Bonobos: Sex as a Bonding Strategy 90 Kenneth C. Gold Stress-Related Ear Covering by Captive Great Apes: A Second Look 94 S. Woods Reproduction Birth Management of a Pair of White-Cheeked Gibbons at Brookfield Zoo 96 Jennifer Bachmann and Carol Sodaro Effects of Hand Rearing on the Reproductive Success of Western Lowland Gorillas in North America 99 Sadie Ryan, Amber M. Roth, Steven D. Thompson, and Kenneth C. Gold After the Nursery: Optimizing the Development of Captive Hand-Reared Chimpanzees 100 K.C. Baker and M.A. Bloomsmith The Influence of Rearing Condition on Chimpanzee Introductions 103 Linda Brent Behavior and Hormonal Correlates in Bonobos 105 M.H. Jurke, R.H. Sommovilla, N.C. Harvey, and R.W. Wrangham Training The Lesser-Known Ape: Husbandry Training with Gibbons and Siamangs 107 Beth Richards, Linda Owen, Shaunna Mullins-Cordier, and Rebecca Sellin Response to a Medical Crisis: A New Approach to Orangutan Husbandry at the Pittsburgh Zoo and Aquarium 112 Michelle Farmerie Maternal Training of a Hand-Reared Orangutan 116 Lynn Killam Introduction of a Hand-Reared Orangutan to a Surrogate Female 118 Lynn Killam Oliver Want a Banana? 120 Kristi Newland Physical Therapy Training for an Arthritic Gorilla 121 Sheila Wojciechowski Cardiac Evaluation in Nonanesthetized Bonobos (Pan paniscus) 125 Victoria L. Clyde, Barbara Bell, Roberta S. Wallace, and Leann Roth Training Multi-Task Medical Behaviors in the Bonobo (Pan paniscus) 128 Barbara Bell and Patricia Khan A Behavioral Management Approach to Caring for Great Apes 131 Margaret Whittaker, Gail Laule, Jaine Perlman, Steve Shapiro, and Michale Keeling Maternal Care and Infant Training of a Western Lowland Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) 135 Connie Philipp, Christina Breder, and Marty MacPhee Operant Conditioning of Apes to Facilitate Medical Procedures and Immobilizations 137 Dodi Seiver, Pattie Walsh, Barb Weber, and Marty MacPhee Exhibit Design Conducting a Post-Occupancy Evaluation as Part of the Design Process for a New Great Ape Facility 140 Stephen Ross and Kristen Lukas Learning a New Language 142 Jim Brighton Activity-Based Design and Management: New Opportunities for Apes and People 143 Jon Coe A New Orangutan Facility at Appenheul Primate Park: Pop Up the Volume! 146 W. Jens Construction of a Research Center for Great Apes in the Zoological Garden of Leipzig 148 Peter Muller Veterinary Medicine Stunted Growth in a Lowland Gorilla: A Plausible Case of Dwarfism from a Keeper's Perspective 150 Laura Debnar The Use of Psychopharmaceuticals to Control Aggressive Behaviors in Captive Gorillas 157 Hayley Weston Murphy and Michael Mufson A Psychiatrist Consulting at the Zoo (The Therapy of Brian Bonobo) 161 Harry Prosen and Barbara Bell Evaluation of Over-the-Counter Pregnancy Detection Test Kits in a Gorilla and an Orangutan 165 Jackie Zdziarski, Catherine Dezynski, and Gail Nachel Nutrition The Feeding Ecology of Apes 167 Nancy L. Conklin-Brittain, Cheryl D. Knott, and Richard W. Wrangham Weight Management Strategies in Apes 175 Barbara Lintzenich and Ann M. Ward Fiber in Ape Diets: A Review 177 D.A. Schmidt, J.L. Dempsey, M.S. Kerley. and I.J. Porton Circulating Nutrition Parameters in Captive Apes at Four Zoos 180 Susan D. Crissey, Kerri A. Slifka, Julie E. Barr, Phyllis E. Bowen, Maria Stacewic -Sapuntzakis, Craig Langman, Ann Ward, Gavin Meerdink, and Kimberly Ange Miscellaneous Husbandry Management of a Chronically Ill Orangutan: Communication and Cooperation Are the Keys 186 Ida Lewis, Nancy P. Lung, and Ann Ward Chimpanzee Species Survival Plan (SSP) History and Goals 190 Randy Fulk "We're All Cousins!" A Sampling of Public Comments at a Zoo, Reflecting Our Sibling Relationship with Chimpanzees 199 Mark D. Bodamer and Julie M. Sankovic Innovative Techniques in Population Demography to Improve Captive Management of Western Lowland Gorillas 207 L J. Faust, S.D. Thompson, J.E. Earnhardt, M. Sherman, E. Brown, and S. Ryan The Power of One 208 Terry L. Maple The Role of Great Apes in the Educational Efficacv of Modern Zoos 210 T.S. Stoinski, JJ. Ogden, K. Gold, and T.L. Maple III. Conservation Bushmeat Bushmeat Hunting in the Congo Basin: An Assessment of Impacts and Options for Mitigation 212 David S. Wilkie and Julia F. Carpenter The Influential Role of Women in Commercial Bushmeat Trade in Cameroon 227 Christina M. Ellis The Bushmeat Crisis Task Force 230 Heather E. Eves Conservation Medicine Zoonotic Disease Concerns in Primate Field Settings 232 Christopher A. Whittier, Felicia B. Nutter, and Michael K. Stoskopf Conservation Medicine as it Applies to the Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla berengei) 238 Michael Cranfield, Lynne Gaffikin, and Ken Cameron Disease Evaluation and Preventative Medicine Programs Incorporated into Ape Conservation in Sabah, Malaysia 241 A.M. Kilbourn, E.J. Bosi,N.D. Wolfe, M. Andau, and W.B. Karesh Occupational Health Programs for Primate Field Researchers: Improving Human Health Care Benefits Nonhuman Primates 244 Felicia B. Nutter and Christopher A. Whittier Preparing Students for Primatological Field Work: Reducing Risks 250 Lori K. Sheeran Miscellaneous Conservation Gibbon Rehabilitation and Reintroduction: The Problems Along the Road Before Use as a Viable Conservation Tool 259 David Ware The Kinabatangan Orangutan Conservation Project (KOCP) 262 Isabelle Lackman-Ancrenaz, Marc Ancrenaz, and Rashid Saburi The Columbus Zoo: In Situ Support for Great Ape Projects in Africa 266 Elizabeth Armstrong CBSG's Participatory Approach to Great Ape Conservation in Africa 268 Norm Rosen, Philip Miller, and Onnie Byers Why Is Conservation Failing? The Question of Capacity 272 Anthony L. Rose Cultures, Ethics, and the Protection of the African Great Apes 276 Kerry Bowman In the Case of Education, Captivity Imprisons Us 282 Paul Waldau IV. Field Research Socio-Ecology of the Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in Two Forests of Bangladesh 286 M. Farid Ahsan Learning to Survive in the Forest: What Every Orangutan Should Know 300 E. Grundmann, D. Lestel, A.N. Boestani, and M-C. Bomsel What Happened to Gorilla gorilla uellensis? 305 Karl Amman Ecology of Eastern Lowland Gorilla: Is there Enough Scientific Knowledge to Mitigate Conservation Threats Associated with Extreme Disturbances in its Distribution Range? 307 Omari Ilambu Pilot Study: Survey Results on Westem Lowland Gorillas at Mongambe Research Site, Dzanga-Sangha Reserve, Central African Republic 313 Lyna Watson Linking Social Grouping to Food and Sexually Receptive Females in Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest 315 Dean P. Anderson, Christophe Boesch, and Erik V. Nordheim Why Do Wild Male Chimpanzees Share Meat with Females? One Alternative to the "Meat for Sex" Hypothesis 321 Ian C. Gilby Pan troglodytes in Cameroon, West Africa: Distribution and Research Potential 324 Ellen J. Ingmanson Development and Acquisition of Termite-Fishing Skills in the Gombe Chimpanzees 327 Elizabeth Vinson Lonsdorf Present Situation of Great Apes (Gorilla gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes) in Cameroon 331 Leonard Usongo V. Apes and Aging Comparing the Behavior of Aged Gorillas and Chimpanzees 334 M.A. Bloomsmith, L.R. Tarou, M.P. Hoff, and J.M. Erwin Ape Socio-Cognitive Complexity: A New Frontier 336 Christine M. Johnson Skeletal and Dental Evidence of Aging in Captive and Wild African Apes: A Preliminary Report 340 Kimberly A. Nichols and Adrienne L. Zihlman The Great Ape Aging Project: Caring for and Learning from Apes 344 Joseph M. Erwin, Mollie Bloomsmith, Sarah T. Boysen, Daniel Perl, Adrienne Zihlman, Terry L. Maple, and Patrick R. Hof VI. Reports from Working Groups Final Press Release 347 Report on Gibbon Conservation Workshop 349 The Orangutan Network 351 Asian Ape Roundtable Discussion 352 Multi-Male Gorilla Group Multi-Institutional Study 353 The African Bushmeat Crises 355 African Ape Roundtable Discussion 358 Report on Health of Apes in the Wild 359 VII. Poster Sessions and Abstracts A Reassessment of the Evolution and Adaptive Radiation of Gibbons 361 Thomas Geissman Captive Breeding Strategies Used for Gibbons at the International Center for Gibbon Studies 361 Alan R. Mootnick Current Status and Conservation Status for Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) 361 Jatna Supriatna A Collaborative Effort on the Environmental Enrichment of Rehabilitant Orangutans at Wanariset Station, Samboja, East Kalimantan, Indonesia 362 Andrew Antilla A Report on the Orangutan Status in Kalimantan After the Forest Fires of 1997-1998 362 Aschta Nita Boestani and Adi Susilo Air Sacculitis in Orangutans (Preliminary Results) 362 Melanie R. Bond and Richard Montali The Effects of the Social Habitat Implemented by Zoos on the Behavior of the Orangutan 362 Gwendolyn Marie Beaver Orangutan Crisis in Indonesian Borneo 363 Birute Galdikas and Nancy Briggs A Surrogate Story 363 Laura Miller and Amy Coons 363 A Multi-Species Enrichment Project at the Kansas City Zoological Gardens 363 Beth Moore Cultural Transmission in Rehabilitant Orangutans 363 Anne E. Russon Health, Management, and Disease Factors Affecting Orangutans in a Reintroduction Centre in Indonesia 364 R.A. Swan and K.S. Warren Orangutan Orphans: Rehabilitating Indonesia's Red Apes 364 Michael Turco Mating Strategies and Reproductive Success of Male Sumatran Orangutans 365 Sri Suci Utami, Benoit Goossens, and J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff Orangutan Hepadnavirus: A Novel Hepadnavirus Naturally Infecting Orangutans 365 K.S. Warren, J. L. Henney, R.A. Swan, Heriyanto, and E.J. Verschoor Caring for Orangutan Orphans in Indonesia 365 Maryann Watson Creative Gorilla Group Management: Breeding a Young Female While Keeping Her in Her Natal Group 366 Hugh Baily, Judy Sievert, and Violet Sunde Mitochondiral DNA Variability of Nigerian Gorillas 366 Richard Bergl, Joshua Linder, John Oates, Kelley McFarland, Gabrielle Nickel, and Todd Disotell Matters of the Heart: Managing Cardiomyopathy in a Male Gorilla 366 Hollie Colahan, Barb Mangold, and Connie Philipp Gorillas: Highlights of the Twentieth Century 367 Roseann Giambro Old Enough to Breed but Not to Lead 367 Roseann Giambro and Debbie McGuire Overview of Gorilla Training at Brookfield Zoo Betty Green and Amy Coons Gorilla Haven: Supporting In Situ and Ex Situ Conservation 367 Peter Halliday, C.E.S. Dewar, and J.T.R. Dewar History of Collection Planning, Husbandry, and Exhibit Design for Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens 367 Andrew J. Henderson The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium Gorilla Surrogacy Program 368 Dusty Lombardi, Barbara Jones, and Maureen Casale An Inter-lnstitutional Study of Individual and Nutritional Factors Associated with Regurgitation and Reingestic. in Captive Lowland Gorillas 368 Kristen Lukas, Debra Forthman, Mollie Bloomsmith, M. Jackson Marr, Fredd Blanchard-Fields, and Terry Maple Natural History of the Afi Mountains (Nigeria) Gorilla Population 368 Kelly McFarland The Cross River Gorilla: A Neglected and Critically Endangered Subspecies 369 John F. Oates Behavioral Ecology of the (Other) Mountain Gorillas of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda 369 Martha M. Robbins A Behavioral Comparison of Two Captive All-Male Gorilla Groups 369 T.S. Stoinski, M.P. Hoff, K.E. Lukas, and T.L. Maple Habitat Use and Structural Preferences of Captive Western Lowland Gorillas: The Effect Of Environmental and Social Variables 370 T.S. Stoinski, M.P. Hoff, and T.L. Maple Shall We Have the Time to Understand the Chimpanzee? 370 Christophe Boesch Cognitive Assessment of Elderly Apes: The Case of "Sarah" Chimpanzee 370 Sarah Till Boysen Comparative Anatomy of the Specialized Sensory Receptors of the Primate Penis and Prepuce: Humans, Chimpanzees, Baboons, Rhesus Monkeys, and Marmosets 371 Christopher J. Cold, Gene B. Hubbard, Ross P Tarara, and Lucille J.V. Stribling Evolutionary Genetics of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Western Africa 371 M.K. Gonder, J.F. Oates, and TR. Disotell Visual Attention Following: From Exogenously to Endogenously 372 Shoji Itakura Current Projects at the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies 372 Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies The Release of Wild-Born Orphaned Chimpanzees into the Conkouati Reserve, Congo, as a Conservation Strategy 372 MVZ Jorge Paredes, Caroline Tutin E.G., Marc Ancrenaz, Benoit Goossens, Aliette Jamart, Carmen Vidal, Myriam Vacher-Vallas, and Paul Aczel Training Captive Chimpanzees: A Focused Look at the Potential Benefits of Whole Group Training 373 J.M. Perlman, S.P. Lambeth, M.A. Bloomsmith, Gail Laule, S.J. Schapiro, and M.E. Keeling Giving Birth in Forced Proximity: A Live Birth at Chester Zoo 373 Lucilla Spini Advanced Operant Conditioning and Reproductive Applications in the Bonobo (Pan paniscus) 373 Barbara Bell "Bililingi Na Kati Ya Zamba," Shadows in the Forest: Bonobo Lore from the Congo 374 Sally Jewel Coxe Distribution of Sexual Behaviors in Captive Female Bonobos 374 Eylana Goldman Goffe Facial Behavior in Bonobos: Scope and Idiosyncrasies 374 Augusta Gaspar Challenges to Conserving the Bonobo 375 Jo Thompson External Support for Ape Husbandry at Brookfield Zoo 375 Craig Demitros and Cherie Orum Activities of the African and Asian Sections of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group 375 Ardith A. Eudey and John F. Oates A Comparison of Actions Used to Deceive in Great Apes: An Account from Script Theory 375 Robert W. Mitchell Neurobiology of Aging in Great Apes and Humans 376 D. Perl, P. Hof, E. Nimchinsky P. Gannon, and J. Erwin Creating Responsible Tourists: How the Ecotourism Industry Can Aid in the Conservation of Primates 376 Janette Wallis Grassroots Conservation in the Democratic Republic of Congo 376 Jo Thompson WHERE TO ORDER: Brookfield Zoo Ape Conference 3300 Golf Road Brookfield, IL 60513 USA PRICE: $25.00 Check or Money Order (no credit cards accepted) Note: Proceedings also available at http://www.brookfieldzoo.org
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