FIELDIANA
Zoology
New Series, no. 98
by
Jack Fooden
Adjunct Curator
Division of Mammals
Department of Zoology
Field Museum of Natural History
1400 South Lake Shore Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60605-2496 US.A.
and
Hai-Yin Wu
Assistant Professor
Institute of Natural Resources
National Dong Hwa University
Hualien, Taiwan
R.O.C. 974
Accepted February 16, 2001
Published November 30, 2001
Publication 1515
Published by the Field Museum of Natural History
ABSTRACT
The Taiwanese macaque, Macaca cyclopis Swinhoe, 1863 ("1862"), is systematically reviewed,
based on examination of 237 museum specimens, survey of relevant literature, and observation of
natural populations. This review includes analyses of pelage characters, external measurements and
proportions, cranial characters, molecular biology and genetics, and parasites. Information also is
presented concerning natural history, reproduction, fossils, and taxonomic history. A hypothetical
interpretation of the evolutionary history of this species is proposed. In an appendix, an annotated
gazetteer lists 429 localities at which M. cyclopis has been collected or observed.
CONTENTS:
Abstract 1
Introduction 1
Geographic Distribution; Island-wide
Population Estimate 2
Pelage 2
General Characterization 2
Age and Sex Variation 2
Seasonal and Geographic Variation 3
Albinism 3
External Measurements and Proportions 3
Cranial Characters 3
Molecular Biology and Genetics 9
Mitochondrial DNA 9
Nuclear DNA 12
Blood Proteins 14
Karyology 15
Parasites 17
Protistans 17
Flagellates 17
Amebas 17
Malaria 17
Ciliate 18
Trematodes 18
Cestodes 19
Nematodes 19
Leech 20
Lice 20
Viruses 20
B Virus 20
Reovirus 20
Simian Foamy Virus 20
Simian Virus 40 21
Natural History 21
Habitats
Terrestriality/Arboreality
Group Size and Composition 22
Home Range Area and Population Density 23
Diet 23
Predators 26
Intergroup Dispersal 26
Reproduction 26
Seasonality 26
Sexual Skin 26
Polythelia 28
Menstrual Cycles 28
Sexual Maturation 29
Copulation 29
Gestation and Parturition 29
Reproductive Rate 29
Neonatal Sex Ratio,
Twinning, Birth Weight 30
Infant Mortality 30
Nursing; Longevity 31
Population Growth Rate 31
Fossils 31
Taxonomy 32
Synonymy 32
Type Series 32
Type Locality 33
Remarks 34
Evolution and Dispersal 36
Acknowledgements 38
Literature Cited 38
Note added in Proof 45
Appendix 1: Specimens Examined 46
Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Macaca Cyclopis
Localities 47
List of Illustrations
1. Locality records of Macaca cyclopis 4-5
2. External characters in Macaca cyclopis 10
3. Tail length vs. head and body length in Macaca cyclopis 12
4. Skull of adult female Macaca cyclopis 14
5. Skull of adult male Macaca cyclopis 15
6. Map of southwestern Taiwan showing col-
lecting localities of fossil monkey teeth 34
7. Fossil monkey teeth collected in southwestern Taiwan 35
List of Tables
1. External measurements and proportions in Macaca cyclopis 11
2. Mean birth weight reported in laboratory-born Macaca cyclopis 12
3. Cranial measurements and proportions in Macaca cyclopis 13
4. Local variation in greatest length of skull in wild-collected Macaca cyclopis 16
5. Sister groups and divergence ages of Macaca cyclopis as
determined in five studies of mtDNA in fascicularis-group species 16
6. Allele frequencies at blood-protein loci in samples of Macaca cyclopis 17
7. Incidence of trypanosome infections (Trypanosoma cf. conorhini) detected in
samples of natural populations of Macaca cyclopis 17
8. Incidence of ameba species detected in
unlocalized fecal samples of Macaca cyclopis 18
9. Incidence of natural malarial infections detected in
surveys of Macaca cyclopis populations l8
10. Incidence of trematode parasite infections
detected in Macaca cyclopis samples 19
11. Incidence of cestode parasite infections detected in
fecal samples of Macaca cyclopis 19
12. Incidence of nematode parasite infections detected in
samples of natural populations of Macaca cyclopis 20
13. incidence of anti-B virus antibodies detected in
fascicularis-group macaques 21
14. Incidence of simian foamy virus, type I
and type 2, detected in samples of natural populations of Macaca cyclopis 21
15. Incidence of simian virus 40 infections detected in Macaca cyclopis 21
16. Elevational distribution of Macaca cyclopis locality records 22
17. Geographic variation in group size in Macaca cyclopis populations 23
18. Ratio of sexually mature males to
sexually mature females reported in Macaca cyclopis groups 24
19. Home range area and population density reported in Macaca cyclopis 24
20. Foods reported eaten by Macaca cyclopis 25
21. Observations concerning reproductive seasonality in Macaca cyclopis 27
22. Menstrual cycle duration in captive Macaca cyclopis 28
23. Annual reproductive rate in natural populations of Macaca cyclopis 30
24. Neonatal sex ratio in natural populations of Macaca cyclopis 31
25. Taiwanese fossil monkey teeth: measurements and collection information 33
26. Dental measurements in wild-collected specimens of Macaca cyclopis 36
HOW TO OBTAIN:
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Fortsas Books, Ltd.
5435 North Lovejoy
Chicago, IL 60630
E-mail: fieldiana@aol.com
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/system.html
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February 5, 2002
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