PRIMATE ECOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Volume 2: New World Monkeys
Robert W. Sussman
Department of Anthropology Washington University
[This is the second of a three volume set. Information on the first
volume can be found at http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/ We
have an extra copy of Vol. 1--Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers
for review (review due thirty days from receipt). Please contact me
if you would like to review Vol. 1 for Primate-Science. wrprc/lj]
Pearson Custom Publishing
2000
CONTENTS
PREFACE....................................................ix
CHAPTER 1 - Evolution of the Neotropical Primates...........1
Bibliography..............................................5
CHAPTER 2 - Callitrichidae..................................7
Introduction..............................................7
Habitat Selection........................................13
Positional Behavior......................................17
Diet.....................................................22
Insect Prey............................................23
Fruits, Flowers, and Nectar............................26
Exudates...............................................30
Daily Activity Patterns..................................34
Predation................................................36
Social Structure and Organization........................39
Reproduction.............................................48
Home Range and Ranging Patterns..........................49
Summary of the Ecology of the Callitrichidae.............52
Bibliography.............................................53
CHAPTER 3 - Cebidae........................................69
Introduction.............................................69
The Ecology of the Cebidae...............................72
The Comparative Ecology of the Cebinae...................73
Habitat Selection......................................73
Locomotion and Use of Forest Strata....................75
Diet...................................................77
Cycles of Activity.....................................82
Predation .............................................84
Social Structure and Organization......................85
Cebus and Saimiri Mixed-Species Associations...........94
Ranging Behavior.......................................95
The Ecology and Behavior of Aotinae......................96
Callicebus...............................................96
Habitat and Locomotion.................................96
Diet...................................................97
Cycles of Activity....................................100
Predation.............................................101
Social Structure and Organization.....................101
Ranging Behavior......................................103
Aotus...................................................105
Habitat and Locomotton................................105
Diet..................................................106
Activity Cycle........................................106
Predation.............................................107
Social Structure and Organization.....................107
Ranging Behavior......................................108
Theoretical Insert‹Hunting and Tool Use by Capuchins
and Models of Early Hominid Evolution...................109
Bibliography............................................111
CHAPTER 4 - Atelidae......................................125
Introduction............................................125
Atelidae
Ecology and Behavior of Ateles, Alouatta, and Lagothrix.129
Habitat and Locomotion................................129
Diet..................................................132
Cycles of Activity....................................135
Predation.............................................136
Social Structure and Organization.....................138
Ateles and Lagothrix..................................138
Howler Monkeys........................................142
Ranging Behavior......................................153
The Ecology and Behavior of Brachyteles.................148
Habitat and Locomotion................................149
Diet..................................................149
Cycles or Activity....................................150
Predation.............................................151
Social Structure and Organization.....................151
Ranging Behavior......................................153
Pitheciinae ‹ The Ecology and Behavior of Chiropotes
and Pithecia............................................154
Habitat and Locomotion................................155
Cycles of Activity....................................157
Predation.............................................157
Social Structure and Organization.....................158
Ranging Behavior......................................159
The Ecology and Behavior of Cacajao.....................159
Habitat and Locomotion................................160
Diet..................................................160
Social Structure and Organization.....................161
Theoretical Insert ‹ Dispersal and Cooperation
Between Non-Kin.........................................162
Bibliography............................................164
CHAPTER 5 - Summary Chapter: Patterns of Adaption Among New
World Monkeys with Some Notes on Conservation
Introduction............................................183
Habitat and Locomomotion................................184
Diet....................................................186
Cycles of Activity......................................188
Predation...............................................190
Social Structure and Organization.......................191
Conservation............................................194
Bibliography............................................196
INDEX.....................................................199
PREFACE
This is the second of three volumes in which I review the
literature on the ecology, social structure, and social
behavior of free-ranging primates. In the first volume
(PRIMATE ECOLOGY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE, VOL. 1, LORISES,
LEMURS AND TARSIERS, 1999),I focused on the prosimians. This
volume also included two introductory chapters, one on
general ecology and the other on the taxonomy, morphological
characteristics, and origins of primates. In the current
volume, I discuss the New World monkeys.
As in the first volume, each chapter covers a major
taxonomic group. Thus, after an introductory chapter with an
overview of New World monkeys and their evolution, the
remaining chapters review the literature on each of the
following taxa: Callitrichidae, including marmosets,
tamarins, and the Goeldi's monkey (Chapter 2); Cebidae,
including squirrel monkeys, capuchins, night monkeys, and
titi monkeys (Chapter 3); and Atelidae, including spider
monkeys, woolly monkeys, woolly spider monkeys, howler
monkeys, sakis, bearded sakis, and uakaris (Chapter 4).
In this book, as in the other volumes, I review the
literature on free-ranging populations of the taxa covered.
Initially, I attempt to characterize these animals as they
exist in their least disturbed state. When relevant, behavior
in disturbed situations and captivity is compared to that in
more undisturbed contexts. By doing this, I believe it is
possible to gain a better understanding of the reasons
primates behave as they do and the ways they fit into the
communities in which they live. I realize this is an
idealistic approach, since few if any localities inhabited by
primates escape some level of human disturbance.
As in the first volume, to facilitate comparison, the
general organization of each of these review chapters is
similar. For each group, I review the literature on habitat
and locomotion, diet, activity cycles, predation, social
structure and organization, reproduction, and ranging
behavior. In Chapter 5, I compare each of these topics among
all of the taxa, examine patterns that emerge, and discuss
the conservation status of New World monkeys and some of the
problems faced in their future preservation. In Volume 3 of
this series, I will review the literature on Old World
monkeys and apes.
I have used earlier versions of this book for the past
20 years in teaching courses on primate ecology and social
behavior. Besides being used as a course book for advanced
undergraduate and graduate students, I hope that these
volumes also will be useful as a reference for others
interested in the behavior and ecology of free-ranging
primates. I have benefited from input from colleagues and
students in revising the manuscript. A few of my colleagues
have read various versions of the book in its entirety and I
especially appreciate their criticisms, comments, and
suggestions. These include Thad Bartlett, John Buettner-
Janusch, Ben Freed, Paul Garber, Terry Gleason, Lisa Gould,
Charles Hildebolt, Jane Phillips Conroy, Alison Richard,
Michelle Sauther, lan Tattersall, Mildred Trotter, and
Natalia Vasey. Besides the above, for each chapter,
specialists on the taxa covered have generously agreed to
read specific sections and offer their suggestions. These
include Rogerio Castro and Paul Garber for Chapter 2, Linda
Fedigan and Lisa Rose for Chapter 3, and Ken Clander, Terry
Gleason, and Karen Strier for Chapter 4. My late friend,
Warren Kinzey, reviewed earlier versions of all three of
these chapters. I thank these people and eight anonymous
reviews for the assistance, although I take responsibility
for the final product. I also thank those who provided
photographs and permissions to use various material in the
book. Finally, I appreciate the assistance of Terry Gleason
who served as my Research Assistant while putting together
this final version, of Brett Nachman for his excellent job in
copy editing, and of Wayne Spohr and Terry Brennan of Pearson
Publishing Company for their encouragement and assistance
throughout.
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Price: Volume 2: $35.95 ($5.50 shipping)
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