PRIMATES IN FRAGMENTS: ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION
Edited by
Laura K. Marsh
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers 2003
PREFACE
This volume was created initially from a symposium of the same name
presented at the International Primatological Society's XVIII Congress
in Adelaide, South Australia, 6-12 January 2000. Many of the authors
who have contributed to this text could not attend the symposium, so
this has become another vehicle for the rapidly growing discipline of
Fragmentation Science among primatologists. Fragmentation has quickly
become a field separate from general ecology, which underscores the
severity of the situation since we as a planet are rapidly losing
habitat of all types to human disturbance.
Getting ecologists, particularly primatologists, to admit that they
study in fragments is not easy. In the field of primatology, one
studies many things, but rarely do those things (genetics, behavior,
population dynamics) get called out as studies in fragmentation. For
some reason "fragmentation primatologists" fear that our work is
somehow "not as good" as those who study in continuous habitat. We
worry that perhaps our subjects are not demonstrating as robust
behaviors as they "should" given fragmented or disturbed habitat
conditions. I had a colleague openly state that she did not work in
fragmented forests, that she merely studied behavior when it was clear
that her study sites, every one of them, was isolated habitat. Our
desire to be just another link in the data chain for wild primates is
so strong that it makes us deny what kinds of habitats we are working
in. However, the time has come to embrace Fragmentation Science as a
field and to pursue it vigorously within primatology. We as scientists
have chosen to study in undesirable habitats as our field of concern.
This is unfortunate because habitats are degraded, and unfortunate
because we all enjoy pristine habitats. But frankly, it is a good
thing we chose the "less desirable" path since the future of primate
conservation may depend on it.
One of the primary goals of this book is to be a reference not only in
the primate literature, but in Fragmentation Science. The contributors
to this volume realize the significance of working within fragments as
a whole no matter how disturbed and that these systems respond to and
depend upon the matrix they are embedded within. Given that many of
the researchers in this volume are also fluent in botany and general
ecology, we endeavor to make the text accessible to students and
fellow fragment biologists who are interested in this field.
This volume seeks to address several key questions regarding primates
in fragments. We attempt to clarify some of the issues, but perhaps in
trying we bring to light the complexity of the situation with primates
in disturbed habitats. There are few clear patterns that have emerged
demonstrating how primates respond to fragmentation. This volume
introduces possible trends for some species, but predictive powers for
species other than those discussed in the literature are less
reliable. There was no attempt to standardize nomenclature across the
volume, but within each chapter nomenclature is consistent.
The book is divided into sections based on broad categories of
research on primates in fragments. In the Genetics and Population
Dynamics section, the authors cover topics in viability,
metapopulation, and species that remain in remnant forests. In the
Behavioral Ecology section, authors take a closer look at feeding,
ranging, and other behaviors that allow primates to remain in or
disperse between fragments. In Conservation and Management, authors
bring knowledge of species who remain in fragments together with plans
to implement strategies for their long-term viability. And, finally,
in the Integration and Future Directions section, authors synthesize
the information in this volume and make recommendations for future and
continued work in this field. We hope this volume will provoke more
research and inquiry to this quickly developing discipline in
primatology.
One of the greatest challenges we have facing conservation today is
apathy. We encounter this in the consumers of industrialized countries
as well as villagers in source nations. Engaging all people, but
especially those in tropical nations, to become interested and
dedicated as scholars, researchers, teachers, and supporters of
conservation efforts within their native countries is vital. This
volume represents work conducted in 10 countries. It is remarkable
that out of 51 authors, 37 (75%) are native to the countries they work
in. It is my personal hope that this is a growing global trend. If it
is, then perhaps primates will have a future in the wild.
Given the recent increase in books published on various aspects of
Fragmentation Science, I have provided a list as a supplement to this
volume. We no longer have the luxury of studying a single species
without having a complete understanding of its habitat and its place
within it. These references have become the staples within the
discipline.
I would like to express my thanks to all of the authors contributing
to this volume. I think we have accomplished a tremendous effort. In
particular, without the participants of the International
Primatological Society Symposium in Adelaide this volume would never
have come into being. I would especially like to thank all of the
authors for contributing references and text to the introduction and
summaries before each chapter. I hope I represented all of our similar
thoughts. Funding for my travel to Australia would not have been
possible without the support and encouragement from Fairley Barnes.
Without her persistence, I could never have done this project. I thank
Andrea Macaluso for asking me to do this book in the first place. Huge
thanks must be given to Los Alamos National Laboratory, particularly
Tim Haarmann, Ted Doerr, and Diana Webb for their internal support. I
cannot thank Teresa Hiteman and Hector Hinojosa enough. They will
continue to be richly rewarded for all of their amazing work and
dedication to editing and preparing the entire volume (camera ready
copy!) before submission to Kluwer. I would also like to thank Winters
Red Star, Julie Hill, Rhonda Robinson, and Marjorie Wright for help
with maps, figures, and slides for talks having to do with this
volume. Many thanks to Bill Laurance and Colin Chapman for great
advice and constant inspiration. Special love and thanks to Sal for
being a feathery support. Since this is my first edited book, I would
also like to thank Thelma Rowell, Marina Cords, Tsingalia Mugatsia,
and Dennis Rasmussen for their support and encouragement during my
formative years as a young primatologist. Look guys, I finally did
something! And finally, I thank Jeanne Fair for enduring the painful
process of the first book and for all of the helpful comments
throughout.
LKM
Santa Fe, New Mexico
May 2002
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE NATURE OF FRAGMENTATION 1
Laura K. Marsh
1. INTRODUCION 1
2. FRAGMENTATION SCIENCE 2
3. PRIMATES IN FRAGMENTS 6
4. SUMMARY 7
5. REFERENCES 8
SECTION I: GENETICS AND POPULATION DYNAMICS
Laura K. Marsh
1. INTRODUCTION 11
2. GENETICS AND VIABILITY 13
3. CHRONOLOGY OF FRAGMENTATION 13
4. METAPOPULATION THEORY 13
5. CASE STUDIES 14
6. SUMMARY 15
7. REFERENCES 15
EFFECTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ON THE GENETIC VARIABILITY OF SILVERY
MARMOSETS, MICO ARGENTATUS 17
Evonnildo C. Goncalves, Stephen F. Ferrari, Artur Silva, Paulo E.G.
Coutinho, Elytania V. Menezes, and Maria Paula C. Schneider
1. INTRODUCTION 17
2. STUDY AREA 18
3. THE STUDY SPECIES 19
4. PROCEDURES 20
5. RESULTS 22
6. DISCUSSION 25
7. SUMMARY 26
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 26
9. REFERENCES 27
CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION OF THE SNUB-NOSED MONKEY IN CHINA 29
Baoguo Li, Zhiyun Jia, Ruliang Pan, and Baoping Ren
1. INTRODUCTION 29
2. GEOCHRONOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION 31
3. CHANGES AND HISTORICAL DISTRIBUTION 32
4. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION AND HABITATS 35
5. REASONS FOR CHANGES IN DISTRIBUTION 38
6. PRESENT STATUS 43
7. SUMMARY 49
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 49
9. REFERENCES 49
ANALYSIS OF THE HYPOTHETICAL POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE
SQUIRREL MONKEY (SAIMIRI OERSTEDII) IN PANAMA 53
Ariel R. Rodriguez-Vargas
1. INTRODUCTION 53
2. STUDY AREA 55
3. METHODOLOGY 55
4. RESULTS 57
5. DISCUSSION 58
6. CONCLUSION 60
7. SUMMARY 60
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 61
9. REFERENCES 61
PRIMATE SURVIVAL IN COMMUNITY-OWNED FOREST FRAGMENTS: ARE
METAPOPULATION MODELS USEFUL AMIDST INTENSIVE USE? 63
Colin A. Chapman, Michael J. Lawes. Lisa Naughton-Treves. and Thomas
Gillespie
1. INTRODUCTION 63
2. METHODS 65
3. RESULTS 70
4. DISCUSSION 74
5. SUMMARY 76
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 76
7. REFERENCES 76
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOREST FRAGMENTS AND HOWLER
MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PALLIATA MEXICANA) IN SOUTHERN VERA
CRUZ, MEXICO 79
Erika M. Rodriguez-Toledo. Salvador Mandujano. and Francisco
Garcia-Orduna
1. INTRODUCTION 79
2. PROJECT OBJECTIVES 80
3. METAPOPULATION BACKGROUND 81
4. POSSIBLE METAPOPULATION SCENARIO IN LOS TUXTLAS 82
5. STUDY AREA 83
6. METHODOLOGY 83
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 86
8. COMPARISON WITH OTHER STUDIES 92
9. HOWLERS AND FRAGMENT CHARACTERISTICS 94
10. SUMMARY 95
11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 96
12. REFERENCES 96
PRIMATES OF THE BRAZILIAN ATLANTIC FOREST: THE INFLUENCE OF
FOREST FRAGMENTATION ON SURVIVAL 99
Adriano G. Chiarello
1. INTRODUCTION 99
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 101
3. RESULTS 106
4. DISCUSSION 109
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 116
6. SUMMARY 117
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 118
8. REFERENCES 118
DYNAMICS OF PRIMATE COMMUNITIES ALONG THE SANTAREM-CUIABA HIGHWAY IN
SOUTH-CENTRAL BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA 123
Stephen F. Ferrari, Simone Iwanaga, Andre L. Ravetta, Francisco C.
Freitas, Belmira A. R. Sousa, Luciane L. Souza, Claudia G. Costa, and
Paulo E. G. Coutinho
1. INTRODUCTION 123
2. STUDY AREA 124
3. THE PRIMATE FAUNA 127
4. PROCEDURES 128
5. RESULTS 131
6. DISCUSSION 140
7. SUMMARY 142
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 142
9. REFERENCES 142
PRIMATE AND FRAGMENTATION OF THE AMAZON FOREST 145
Kellen A. Gilbert
1. INTRODUCTION 145
2. SURVEY METHODS 149
3. PRIMATES IN FRAGMENTS 149
4. DISCUSSION 154
5. SUMMARY 155
6. ACKNOWLEDEGMENTS 155
7. REFERENCES 156
SECTION II: BEHAVORIAL ECOLOLGY
Laura K. Marsh
1. INTRODUCTION 159
2. LANDSCAPE AND DEMOGRAPHY 159
3. FEEDING ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY 160
4. SEEDDISPERSAL 161
5. COMPILATION 161
6. SUMMARY 161
7. REFERENCES 162
IMPACTS OF FOREST FRAGMENTATION ON LION-TAILED MACAQUE AND NILGIRI
LANGUR IN WESTERN GHATS, SOUTH INDIA 163
Govindasamy Umapathy and Ajith Kumar
1. INTRODUCTION 163
2. STUDY SITE 164
3. METHODS 169
4. RESULTS 173
5. DISCUSSION 182
6. SUMMARY 185
7. ACKNOWLEWMENTS 186
8. REFERENCES 186
POPULATION SIZE AND HABITAT USE OF SPIDER MONKEYS AT PUNTA LAGUNA,
MEXICO 191
Gabriel Ramos-Fernandez and Barbara Ayala-Orozco
1. INTRODUCTION 191
2. STUDY AREA 192
3. POPULATION DENSITY 195
4. VEGETATION 195
5. DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 196
6. HOME RANGES 198
7. DIET 199
8. DISCUSSION 204
9. SUMMARY 207
10. ACKNOWLEDGMFNT 208
11. REFERENCES 208
CHANGES IN FOREST COMPOSITION AND POTENTIAL FEEDING TREE
AVAILABILITY ON A SMALL LAND-BRIDGE ISLAND IN LAGO GURI, VENEZUELA
211
Marilyn A Norconk and Brian W. Grafton
1. INTRODUCTION 211
2. PRIMATES IN FOREST FRAGMENTS 212
3. METHODS 213
4. RESULTS 218
5. DISCUSSION 222
6. SUMMARY 224
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 225
8. REFERENCES 225
FORAGING STRATEGY CHANGES IN AN ALOUATTA PALLIATA MEXICANA
TROOP RELEASED ON AN ISLAND 229
Ernesto Rodriguez-Luna, Laura E. Dominguez-Dominguez, forge E.
Morales-Mavil, and Manuel Martinez-Morales
1. INTRODUCTION 229
2. METHODOLOGY 232
3. RESULTS 234
4. DISCUSSION 242
5. SUMMARY 244
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 245
7. REFERENCES 245
APPENDIX 249
DIETARY FLEXIBILITY, BEHAVIORAL PLASTICITY, AND SURVIVAL IN
FRAGMENTS: LESSONS FROM TRANSLOCATED HOWLERS 251
Scott C. Silver and Laura K. Marsh
1. INTRODUCTION 251
2. FORAGING CHALLENGES IN UNFAMILIAR AREAS 251
3. SPECIES COMPOSITION OF DIET 252
4. PLANT PART COMPOSITION OF DIET 252
5. STUDY SITES AND METHODS 253
6. RESULTS 255
7. DISCUSSION 259
8. SUMMARY 264
9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 264
10. REFERENCES 264
HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PALLIATA MEXICANA) AS SEED DISPERSERS OF
STRANGLER FIGS IN DISTURBED AND PRESERVED HABITAT IN SOUTHERN
VERACRUZ, MEXICO 267
Juan Carlos Serio-Silva and Victor Rico-Gray
1. INTRODUCTION 267
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 269
3. STATISTICAL ANALYSES 273
4. RESULTS 273
5. DISCUSSION 276
6. SUMMARY 278
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 279
8. REFERENCES 279
HOW DO HOWLER MONKEYS COPE WITH HABITAT
RAGMENTATION? 283
Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques
1. INTRODUCTION 283
2. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH 284
3. HABITAT FRAGMENTATION AND HOWLER MONKEYS 287
4. DISCUSSION 293
5. SUMMARY 295
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 296
7. REFERENCES 296
APPENDIX I 299
APPENDIX II 301
APPENDIX III 303
SECTION III: CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
Laure K. Marsh
1. INTRODUCTION 305
2. AGRICULTURAL MATRIX 305
3. MULTIPLE ENCROACHMENTS 306
4. COMPILATION 306
5. SUMMARY 306
6. REFERENCES 307
FRAGMENTS, SUGAR, AND CHIMPANZEES IN MASINDI DISTRICT,
WESTERN UGANDA 309
Vernon Reynolds, Janette Wallis, and Richard Kyamanywa
1. INTRODUCTION 309
2. FRAGMENTATION OF THE BUDONGO FOREST 309
3. ADD SUGAR: THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRY 311
4. THE CHIMPANZEES OF KASOKWA FOREST 312
5. SOLUTIONS: PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE 317
6. SUMMARY 318
7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 319
8. REFERENCES 319
SHADE COFFEE PLANTATIONS AS WILDLIFE REFUGE FOR MANTLED
HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PALLIATA) IN NICARAGUA 321
Colleen McCann, Kimberly Williams-Guillen, Fred Koontz, Alba Alejandra
Roque Espinoza, Juan Carlos Martinez Sanchez, and Charles Koontz
1. INTRODUCTION 321
2. METHODS 327
3. ANALYSIS 330
4. RESULTS 331
5. DISCUSSION 335
6. CONCLUSION 337
EFFECTS OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION ON THE CROSS RIVER GORILLA (GORILLA
GORILLA DIEHLI): RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
CONSERVATION 343
Edem A. Eniang
1. INTRODUCTION 343
2. STUDY AREA 348
3. CURRENT THREATS 351
4. STRATEGIES FOR CONSERVATION 357
5. SUMMARY 360
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 361
7. REFERENCES 361
WILD ZOOS: CONSERVATION OF PRIMATES IN SITU 365
Laura K. Marsh
1. INTRODUCTION 365
2. CURRENT PRIMATE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 366
3. VALUE OF SMALL FRAGMENTS (<100 HA) 368
4. MANAGEMENT OF PRIMATES IN FRAGMENTS 370
5. SUMMARY 375
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 375
7. REFERENCES 375
IV: INTEGRATION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
FRAGMENTATION: SPECTER OF THE FUTURE OR THE SPIRIT OF CONSERVATION? 381
Laura K. Marsh, Colin A. Chapman, Marilyn A. Norconk, Stephen F.
Ferrari, Kellen A. Gilbert, Julio Cesar Bicca-Marques, and Janette
Wallis
1. INTRODUCTION 381
2. ISSUES OF MANAGEMENT: AN INTEGRATION 383
3. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 388
4. POLITICS 394
5. SUMMARY 395
6. REFERENCES 395
SUGGESTED READING 399
INDEX 401
WHERE TO ORDER
Andrea Macaluso, Editor
Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
New York, NY 10013
www.wkap.com
Telephone: (212) 620-8007
Fax: (212) 463-0742
Email: amacaluso@wkap.com
Price: $139.00 USD(Hardbound), ISBN 0-306-47696-7
Posted Date: 5/8/2003
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/primatefragments.html
Page last modified:
May 9, 2003
Maintained by the WPRC Library