Edited by Don P. Wolf, Ph.D. and Mary Zelinski-Wooten, Ph.D. Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR Human Press Totowa, New Jersey Copyright 2001 FROM THE BACK COVER: The rapidly advancing field of assisted reproduction holds great promise for the treatment of infertility, for the cloning of animals, and for the clinical treatment of human disease with embryonic stem cells. In Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in Mammals, Don P. Wolf and Mary Zelinski-Wooten lead a panel of experienced authors in providing a comprehensive review of the procedures and techniques used in assisted reproduction, as well as in nuclear transfer for both the treatment of human infertility and the propagation of animals. Combining the details of clinical application with the physiological facts of reproduction, the authors treat such subjects as the in vitro maturation of oocytes, embryo culture, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and the process of nuclear transfer. Also treated are animal models for applied reproductive technologies (ARTs), the use of nuclear transfer in the preservation of endangered species, and the practical and bioethical issues associated with the cloning of humans. Cutting-edge and wide-ranging, Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in Mammals offers clinical ARTs practitioners, research scientists, those responsible for animal care, and students not only an informative historical perspective on the development of ARTs, but also updates on several of the more dynamic clinical areas, and a highly practical understanding of their applications. FEATURES … Provides historical perspective on the evolution of assisted reproductive techniques … Reviews the basic biological processes involved in assisted reproduction … Details cutting-edge applications in the clinic … Discusses where assisted reproductive technologies are headed and why CONTENTS Preface v Contributors ix Part I. Assisted Fertilization 1. Developments in Animal Reproductive Biotechnology 3 Robert H. Foote 2. Advances in Animal In Vitro Fertilization 21 Benjamin G. Brackett 3. Control of Oocyte Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Maturation 53 Gary D. Smith 4. In Vitro Oocyte Maturation: Human Aspects 67 Jeffrey B. Russell 5. Measurement of Reproductive Potential in the Human Female 81 Philip E. Patton 6. Imaging Technology in Assisted Reproduction 95 Roger A. Pierson 7. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection or Conventional Fertilization to Maximize the Number of Viable Embryos 123 Susan E. Lanzendorf and Catherine Boyd 8. The Production of Viable Human Blastocyts: The Evolution of Sequential Culture Systems 137 Thomas B. Poole and Joseph E. Martin 9. Embryo Transfer: A Concise and Practical Summary of the Techniques 159 Kenneth A. Burry 10. Cryopreservation of Mammalian Embryos, Gametes, and Ovarian Tissues: Current Issues and Progress 173 William F. Rail 11. Satellite and Transport In Vitro Fertilization 189 Paul F. Kaplan, Douglas J. Austin, and Marsha J. Gorrill 12. The Assisted Reproductive Laboratory: Quality Control, Quality Assurance, and Continuous Quality Improvement in a Regulatory Environment 199 William Byrd Part II. Nuclear Transfer 13. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transplantation in Cattle 217 James M. Robl 14. Nuclear Modifications and Reprogramming After Nuclear Transfer 227 Randall S. Prather 15. Application of ARTs and Nuclear Transfer in Exotic or Endangered Species 239 Kenneth L. White, Thomas D. Bunch, Shoukhrat Mitalipov, and William A. Reed 16. Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in Nonhuman Primates 253 Nadia Ouhibi, Mary B. Zelinski- Wooten, James A. Thomson, and Don P. Wolf 17. Cloning and Nuclear Transfer in Human 285 Don P. Wolf Index 299 PREFACE The fields of assisted reproduction and nuclear transfer, while often controversial in their relatively brief lifetimes, have been and continue to be exceedingly dynamic. In Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in Mammals, we have treated these subjects as a continuum because assisted sexual reproduction provides the technical groundwork for asexual reproduction by nuclear transfer and because both cytoplasmic and nuclear transfer protocols are in assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinical trial programs in this country. The basic reproductive physiology underlying these technological achievements holds the key to understanding the events comprising fertilization and early mammalian development, while providing treatment modalities for most cases of infertility. Our current efforts, detailed here, are predicated historically on the discovery in the late 1950s that sperm must undergo a process called capacitation before fertilizing an oocyte and, thereafter, on the development of strategies to recover and fertilize viable oocytes. Application in humans, pioneered by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in Cambridge, England, culminated in 1978 with the birth of Louise Brown, which was followed by explosive growth in the clinical use of this technology that was encouraged by the high interest level of the infertility community. At present, the clinical ARTs are available worldwide with over 300 programs in the US alone; according to the American Society of Reproductive Medicine in 1995, 11,315 women gave birth to children conceived by some form of ART. At the clinical level, we might trace this technological revolution from sperm isolation, cryopreservation, and capacitation, to in vitro fertilization, embryo cryopreservation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and extended embryo culture to the latest hot topics of in vitro oocyte maturation, oocyte cryopreservation, and cytoplasmic and nuclear transfer. With regard to nuclear transfer in mammals, relatively undifferentiated embryonic cells have been used successfully as a source of the donor nucleus in a number of species beginning in the early 1980s and leading to application in the rhesus monkey in 1997. The revolutionary announcement in 1997 of somatic cell cloning by Ian Wilmut, Keith Campbell, and colleagues at the Roslyn Institute in Scotland opened the possibility that existing individuals could be reproduced asexually, and indeed that groups of genetically similar animals could be produced this way. In response to this discovery, the past two years has seen intense interest in the field, with confirmation of somatic cell cloning in other species and an ongoing debate concerning potential application in humans. The present volume, Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in Mammals, is by design unique, for instead of writing principally for the ART practitioner, we have written for a greater audience including students, practitioners of the clinical ARTs, our colleagues responsible for animal care, and research scientists. Our objectives include: The provision of an historical perspective on the development and application of these technologies in animals that in many, but not all, instances preceded clinical application; the treatment of subjects from both a basic scientist's and a practicing clinician's perspective in an effort to encourage communication between these sometimes diverse groups; and the inclusion of updates on several of the more dynamic clinical areas, such as gamete and embyro cryopreservation, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and oocyte in vitro maturation. In all cases, detailed bibliographies have been encouraged in an effort to provide historical continuity for the student or for those desirous of additional insights and reading. We would like to express appreciation to the distinguished authors who accepted our invitation to participate in this project, to Humana Press, and to Dr. P. Michael Conn, the series editor, for their confidence in our ability to organize and complete this project. We also thank Julianne White for her excellent editorial assistance. Don P. Wolf Mary Zelinski-Wooten WHERE TO ORDER: Humana Press Inc. 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, NJ 07512 Telephone: 973-256-1699 Fax: 973-256-8341 E-mail: humana@humanapr.com. Web site: http//www.humanapress.com. Price: $145.00(hardcover) ISBN: 0-89603-663-4
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