PRIMATE BRAIN MAPS
Structure of the Macaque Brain
A Laboratory Guide with Original Brain Sections, Printed Atlas and
Electronic Templates for Data and Schematics
Richard F. Martin and Douglas M. Bowden
Software by
John Wu, Mark F. Dubach, and Joan E. Robertson
Neuroscience Division
Regional Primate Research Center and Department of Psychiatry and
Behavioral Sciences
School of Medicine
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Elsevier
Amsterdam, Lausanne, New York, Oxford, Shannon, Singapore, Tokyo
2000
PREFACE
The Primate Brain Maps atlas and compact disk represent our latest effort
to apply the power of digital technology to communication of scientific
information about the primate brain. The printed atlas has most of the
features of conventional brain atlases, which serve as references for
neuroanatomic communication and for stereotaxic targeting of structures in
the primate brain. The CD combines the image information of the book with
unique resources to facilitate the recording, storage, retrieval and
display of data in a standard format, which is necessary for integration of
information across animals and across laboratories. These resources include
a comprehensive segmentation of the brain, labeling of structures in accord
with a standard hierarchical nomenclature, a set of Landmark Templates
which allow one to record and display experimental data in a standard
manner, and a set of Boundary Templates which one can warp to MRI images to
generate atlases for individual animal subjects. The templates are in a
digital image format suitable for export to any of several computer
image-processing applications that are commonly used to prepare figures for
publication.
The labeled brain images in Primate Brain Maps first appeared in an
abbreviated form in the Template Atlas of the Macaque Brain published in
NEUROIMAGE (Martin and Bowden, 1996), and later in a more complete version
in Template Atlas of the Primate Brain published by the Primate Information
Center of the University of Washington (Martin and Bowden, 1997). Those
labeled images, with minor corrections and updates, are presented here with
the important addition of photomicrographs of the Nissl-stained sections
from which they were drawn. The Landmark and Background Templates are
unlabeled extracts from the Template Atlas. They have been revised
extensively to represent the most salient and stable landmarks for mapping.
Unique features of Primate Brain Maps include:
1) a comprehensive stereotaxic macaque brain atlas referenced to the
bicommissural line for use with ventriculography, MRI and other noninvasive
imaging techniques;
2) digital templates in a CD format suitable for direct export to the
most common, commercially available digital image-processing applications;
3) sets of coronal sections produced by several techniques, some from
different animals, for comparison with the classical Nissl-stained sections
on which the templates are based (MRIs, blockface photographs of the frozen
brain at sectioning, myelin-stained sections);
4) integration of the entire visual resource with the NeuroNames
semantic network into a website-like format that allows rapid access to the
visual resources using any English or Latin neuroanatomical nomenclature
and intuitive navigation among the multiple components.
We thank Erik McArthur for digitization and formatting of brain images,
Gail LaMoreaux-McElhany for her programming and artistic contributions to
adapt the Template Atlas and NeuroNames to CD format, and Joev Dubach for
converting NeuroNames from HyperCard into a format suitable for the Web. We
thank the Primate Information Center for providing a comprehensive
bibliography of nonhuman primate brain atlases, and Kate Elias for editing
the text. We appreciate the encouragement of Nello Spiteri and Tom
Merriweather and the able assistance of Rene de Ridder of Elsevier in
assembling the contents for publication in book and CD formats. We also
wish to express our appreciation to Orville Smith for lending his
neuroanatomical expertise, his library, and his support and encouragement
of the Atlas project over many years' time. We acknowledge Wolfgang
Rauschning's application of the unique cryosectioning technology of his
laboratory at Uppsala University (Sweden) to produce the photographs on
which the drawings of coronal sections from the frontal and occipital lobes
were based. Thanks go, finally, to the editors and anonymous referees of
the journal NeuroImage for very helpful critiques and original publications
of the NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy (Bowden and Martin, 1995) and the
Template Atlas (Martin and Bowden, 1996).
The authors
January 1, 2000
CONTENTS
Preface V
Table of Contents VII
1. History of Brain Atlases for Nonhuman Primates 1
1.1 Atlases for Research Communication and Teaching 6
1.2 Atlases for Mapping 8
1.3 Atlases for Stereotaxic Targeting 9
2. Atlases for Informatics and Quantitative Neuroanatomy 12
2.1 The brain atlas as a tool for integrating image data from multiple
sources 13
2.2 The atlas as a visual index to diverse information about specific
structures 14
2.3 Simplified integration of new nomenclatures into existing knowledge
bases 17
2.4 Atlases as tools for integrating information from primate and
nonprimate species 19
2.5 Atlases as informatics tools to enhance teaching of neuroanatomy 21
3. Primate Brain Maps 23
3.1 The Template Atlas 23
3.2 Methods 25
3.2.1 Animals and Specimens 25
3.2.2 Preparation of the Template Images 28
3.2.3 Stereotaxis 30
3.3 The Nomenclature: NeuroNames 32
3.4 Limitations 34
4. Mapping 36
4.1 Mapping Data from Individuals to Templates for Data Display and
Analysis 36
4.2 Mapping Templates to Individuals for Stereotaxis 37
5. Applicability of the Template Atlas to Other Primate Species 38
5.1 Other Atlases of Macaca fascicularis (longtailed macaque) 43
5.2 Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) 44
5.3 Other Macaques (M. fuscata, M. nemestrina) 45
5.4 Other Old World Monkey Species (Papio and Cercopithecus) 46
5.5 New World Monkey Species (Saimiri sciureus and Callithrix jacchus) 46
5.6 Prosimians (Microcebus murinus and Tupaia glis) 47
5.7 The Human (Homo sapiens) 47
6. Legend for Atlas Maps 48
7. Maps of the Cortical Surface 50
8. Maps of Coronal Sections 52
9. Structure Index 144
10. Abbreviation Index 152
11. References 159
Appendix: Interactive Primate Brain Maps CD-ROM
WHERE TO ORDER:
Elsevier Science
655 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10010-5107
Tel. 1-212-633-3730
Fax. 1-212-633-3680
e-mail: usinfo-f@elsevier.com
Price: $154.40 Cloth (ISBN: 044450415X)
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/martin.html
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June 28, 2001
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