Edited by: Helena Fitch-Snyder and Helga Schulze Compiler: Lena C. Larson Illustrations: Helga Schulze Published by the Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species (CRES) Zoological Society of San Diego 2001 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this manual is to provide basic husbandry guidelines to loris managers, caretakers, and veterinarians. The information in this manual has been compiled from numerous articles, reports, and personal experiences by the authors and editors. Because new information is continuously being discovered, it is tempting to keep delaying publication until the husbandry manual is even more complete. However, as an increasing number of institutions become involved with the management of these specialized prosimians, it has become essential to have this information vailable in a usable format. When the pygmy loris was first introduced to the Western Hemisphere a little over a decade ago, its basic biology and husbandry requirements were virtually unknown. Pygmy loris management techniques were derived from methods that had previously been developed for slow and slender lorises. Researchers and managers are just beginning to understand some of the characteristics that make the pygmy loris unique. The three lords types each have unique characteristics that are species specific. However, because they share many of the same management methods, housing conditions, and behavioral characteristics, the editors decided that information about all the three loris species should be included in this volume. In 1995, The Pygmy Loris Species Survival Plan (SSP) was established through the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). One of the goals of this group is to develop a self-sustaining captive population of this species. Along with the Pygmy Loris Masterplan (Fitch-Snyder, 1998), this husbandry manual is intended as a tool to assist toward this goal. The editors plan to periodically distribute updated and new information to SSP Institution Representatives and other appropriate recipients. Users of this publication are encouraged to maintain this manual as a working document and contribute additional material for future updates. Helga Schulze is compiling additional information, particularly for slender loris husbandry (see also Schulze, 1998); readers who are interested can contact her directly via e-mail (helga.schulze@cityweb.de) or at her University address, which is listed in the authors section of this publication. In addition to printed materials, some loris information is available via the Internet. Here, new data and amendments to printed information may be published in the future. Two addresses, as an example: Loris homepage by Dr. K. I. Anna Nekaris, Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University; address: http://www.nocturnalprimate.org. In http://www.species.net, a web site of Quantum Conservation for husbandry and conservation information (by Richard Perron), a loris conservation database is under construction (compiler: Helga Schulze; direct address: http:// www.species.net). Helena Fitch-Snyder CONTENTS Taxonomy and Description 1 Distribution an Status 7 History of Lorises in Captivity 13 Behavior 14 Introduction 14 Social Behavior 4 Housing and Social Behavior 15 Aggressive Behavior 16 Loris Ethogram 18 Reproduction 28 Determining Gender 28 Adolescent Development 29 Estrous Cycles 30 Gonadal Morphology in Males 30 Copulation 32 Gestation 33 Parturition 33 Reaction of Others to Newborns 34 Resumption of Estrus 35 Interbirth Interval 35 Reproductive Seasonality 36 Litter Size 38 Infant Development and Parental Behavior 39 Captive Reproductive History 41 Infant Care 45 Birth Management and Hand Rearing -contributed by Janet Hawes and Jacqueline Ogden 45 Hand Rearing 45 Post-Partum Observations and Evaluation 45 Alternatives to Hand Rearing 45 Physical Needs 46 Physical Needs: Species-Specific Concerns 49 Social Needs 50 Diet 52 Diet Composition in the Wild 52 Diet Composition in Captivity 53 Diet Composition in Captivity for the Pygmy Loris -contributed by Barbara Toddes and Kerri Slifka 55 Health 60 Review of Loris Clinical Information and Pathology Data from the San Diego Zoo: 1982- 1995 -contributed by Meg Sutherland Smith, D.V.M. and Ilse Stalis, D.V.M. 60 Introduction 60 Preventive Medicine 60 Anesthesia 60 Clinical Pathology 61 Medical Review 61 Summary 65 Tables 66 Habitat Design 71 Minimum Standards for Housing Asian Lorisines (Adapted from AZA guidelines for the Family Lorisidae) -contributed by Lisa Bottcher-Law 71 General Habitat Design 72 Temperature Levels 78 Lighting Conditions 78 Cleaning Cages 79 An Enriched Environment --contributed by Lisa Bottcher-Law 80 Mixed Species Housing -contributed by Barbara Lester 88 Literature Cited 93 Map references 100 N. coucang distribution map (Figure 9) 100 N. pygmaeus distribution map (Figure 10) 101 Loris distribution maps (Figures 11 & 12) 102 HOW TO OBTAIN: To borrow this document, contact Joanne Brown (brown@primate.wisc.edu), Head of Technical Services, Wisconsin Primate Research Center Library and Information Service, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Fax: 1-608-263-3512 While preference should be give to borrowing the WPRC copy, Helena indicated she would try to accommodate people who have a significant need for their own copy. Write her at: Fitch-Snyder, Helena nycticebus@yahoo.com
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/management.html
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