Edited by Andrea B. Taylor and Michele L. Goldsmith Cambridge University Press 2003 FROM THE BACK COVER Gorillas are one of our closest living relatives, the largest of all living primates, and they teeter on the brink of extinction. These fascinating animals are the focus of this in-depth and comprehensive examination of gorilla biology. Gorilla Biology combines recent research in morphology, genetics, and behavioral ecology to reveal the complexity and diversity of gorilla populations. The first two sections focus on morphological and molecular variation and underscore the importance of understanding diverse biological patterns at all levels in testing evolutionary and adaptive hypotheses and elucidating subspecies and species diversification. The following section investigates the influence of ecological variables on gorilla social organization, and highlights the surprising behavioral flexibility of this genus. The book ends with discussions of the conservation status of gorillas and the many and increasing threats to their continued survival. Giving insight into the evolutionary biology of these unique primates, this book will be essential reading for primatologists, anthropologists, and evolutionary biologists. ANDREA B. TAYLOR is Assistant Professor in the Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Biological Anthropology and Anatomy at Duke University Medical Center. For the past 10 years she has studied the comparative anatomy of the African apes, focusing on the ontogeny of the musculoskeletal system to understand better the developmental and evolutionary basis of functional and adaptive differences in morphology. MICHELE L. GOLDSMITH is Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental and Population Health at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine. As a primatologists, she has spent the past 12 years studying the comparative behavioral ecology of both lowland and mountain gorillas, and most recently is examining the impact of tourism on gorilla behavior. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of contributors, xiii Acknowledgments, xix Introduction: Gorilla biology: Multiple perspectives on variation within a genus ANDREA B. TAYLOR and MICHELE L. GOLDSMITH Part 1 Gorilla taxonomy and comparative morphology 9 1. An introductory perspective: Gorillas - How important, how many, how long? RUSSELL H. TUTTLE, 11 2. A history of gorilla taxonomy COLIN P. GROVES, 15 3. Patterns of diversity in gorilla cranial morphology REBECCA M. STUMPF, JOHN D. POLK, JOHN F. DATES, WILLIAM L. JUNGERS, CHRISTOPHER P. HEESY, COLIN P. GROVES, and JOHN G. FLEAGLE, 35 4. The hierarchy of intraspecific craniometric variation in gorillas: A population-thinking approach with implications for fossil species recognition studies GENE H. ALBRECHT, BRUCE R. GELVIN, and JOSEPH M.A. MILLER, 62 5. Morphological differentiation of Gorilla subspecies STEVEN R. LEIGH, JOHN H. RELETHFORD, PAUL PARK, and LYLE W. KONIGSBERG, 104 6. Ontogeny and function of the masticatory complex in Gorilla: Functional, evolutionary, and taxonomic implications ANDREA B. TAYLOR, 132 7. Intraspecific and ontogenetic variation in the forelimb Morphology of Gorilla SANDRA E. INOUYE, 194 Part 2 Molecular genetics 237 8. An introductory perspective: Gorilla systematics, taxonomy, and conservation in the era of genomics OLIVER A. RYDER, 239 9. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA estimates of divergence between western and eastern gorillas MICHAEL 1. JENSEN-SEAMAN, AMOS S. DEINARD, and KENNETH K. KIDD, 247 10. Genetic studies of western gorillas STEPHEN L. CLIFFORD, KATE A. ABERNETHY, LEE J.T. WHITE, CAROLINE E.G. TUTIN, MIKE W. BRUFORD, and E. JEAN WICKINGS, 269 Part 3 Behavioral ecology 293 11. An introductory perspective: Behavioral ecology of gorillas CAROLINE E. G. TUTIN, 295 12. Gorilla social relationships: A comparative overview DAVID P. WATTS, 302 13. Within-group feeding competition and socioecological factors influencing social organization of gorillas in the Kahazi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo JUICHI YAMAGIWA, KANYUNYI BASABOSE, KISWELE KALEME, and TAKAKAZU YUMOTO, 328 14. Comparative behavioral ecology of a lowland and highland gorilla population: Where do Bwindi gorillas fit? MICHELE L. GOLDSMITH, 358 15. Are gorillas vacuum cleaners of the forest floor? The roles of body size, habitat, and food preferences on dietary flexibility and nutrition MELISSA J. REMIS, 385 Part 4 Gorilla conservation 405 16. An introductory perspective: Gorilla conservation ALEXANDER H. HARCOURT, 407 17. The current status of gorillas and threats to their existence at the beginning of a new millennium ANDREW J. PLUMPTRE, ALASTAIR McNEILAGE, JEFFERSON S. HALL, and ELIZABETH A. WILLIAMSON, 414 18. Distribution, taxonomy, genetics, ecology, and causal links of gorilla survival: The need to develop practical knowledge for gorilla conservation ESTEBAN E. SARMIENTO, 432 19. The Cross River gorilla: Natural history and status of a neglected and critically endangered subspecies JOHN F. DATES, KELLEY L. McFARLAND, JACQUELINE L. GROVES, RICHARD A. BERGL, JOSHUA M. LINDER, and TODD R. DISOTELL, 472 Afterword MICHELE L. GOLDSMITH and ANDREA B. TAYLOR, 498 Index, 501 CONTRIBUTORS Kate A. Abernetny Department of Molecular and Biological Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA, U.K. Gene H. Albrecht Department of Cell and Neurobiology Keck School of Medicine University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90089, U.S.A. Kanyunyi Basabose Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles Lwiro, D.S. Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo Richard A. Bergl PhD Program in Anthropology CUNY Graduate Center 365 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. Mike W. Bruford Cardiff School of Biosciences Cardiff University Cardiff CF1 3TL, U.K. Stephen L. Clifford Centre International de Recherche s Medic ales Franceville (CIRMF) BP 769 Franceville, Gabon Amos S. Deinard School of Veterinary Medicine University of California-Davis Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. Todd R. Disotell Department of Anthropology New York University 25 Waverly Place New York, NY 10003, U.S.A. John G. Fleagle Department of Anatomical Sciences Heath Sciences Center and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A. Bruce R. Gelvin Department of Anthropology California State University Northridge, CA 91330, U.S.A. Michele L. Goldsmith Department of Environmental and Population Health Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine North Grafton, MA 01536, U.S.A. Colin P. Groves Department of Archaeology and Anthropology Australian National University Canberra, A.C.T. 0200 Australia Jaqueline L. Groves Department of Biological Sciences University of Sussex Falmer BN1 9RH, U.K. Jefferson S. Hall Department of Forestry Yale University New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A. Alexander H. Harcourt Department of Anthropology University of California-Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, U.S.A. Christopher P. Heesy Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A. Sandra E. Inouye Department of Anatomy Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine Midwestern University 555 31st Street Downers Grove, IL 60515, U.S.A. Michael I. Jensen-Seaman Human and Molecular Genetics Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226, U.S.A. William L. Jungers Department of Anatomical Sciences Heath Sciences Center and Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A. Kiswele Kaleme Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles Lwiro, D.S. Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo Kenneth K. Kidd Department of Genetics Yale University New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A. Lyle W. Konigsberg Department of Anthropology University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37996, U.S.A. Steven R. Leigh Department of Anthropology University of Illinois-Urbana Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A. Joshua M. Linder PhD Program in Anthropology CUNY Graduate Center 365 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. Kelley L. McFarland PhD Program in Anthropology CUNY Graduate Center 365 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. Alastair McNeilage Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10460, U.S.A. Joseph M.A. Miller Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine School of Medicine University of California-Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A. John F. Oates Department of Anthropology Hunter College CUNY Graduate Center 365 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. Paul B. Park Department of Anthropology University of Illinois-Urbana Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A. Andrew J. Plumptre Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10460, U.S.A. John D. Polk Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A. John H. Relethford Department of Anthropology State University of New York College at Oneonta Oneonta, NY 13820, U.S.A. Melissa J. Remis Department of Sociology/Anthropology Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A. Oliver A. Ryder Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species Zoological Society of San Diego San Diego, CA 92112, U.S.A. Esteban E. Sarmiento Department of Mammology American Museum of Natural History Central Park West and 79th Street New York, NY 10024, U.S.A. Rebecca M. Stumpf Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences State University of New York Stony Brook, NY 11794, U.S.A. Andrea B. Taylor Departments of Community and Family Medicine and Biological Anthropology and Anatomy Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC 27710, U.S.A. Caroline E. G. Tutin Centre International de Recherches Medicales Franceville (CIRMF) BP 769 Franceville, Gabon Russell H. Tuttle Department of Anthropology University of Chicago Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A. David P. Watts Department of Anthropology Yale University New Haven, CT 06520, U.S.A. Lee J.T. White Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx, NY 10460, U.S.A. E. Jean Wickings Centre International de Recherches Medicales Franceville (CIRMF) BP 769 Franceville, Gabon Juichi Yamagiwa Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies Faculty of Science Kyoto University Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan Takakazu Yumoto Center for Ecological Research Kyoto University Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan WHERE TO ORDER Cambridge University Press 40 West 20th Street New York, NY 10011-4211, USA Phone: 1-800-872-7423 Fax: 914-937-4712 Web site: http://www.cambridge.org --------------------------------------- Price: $ 90.00 (Hardbound) ISBN: 0-5217-9281-9 Posted Date: 02-18-03
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