(Note: Chinese with English summary, 16 pages of photographs) Renmei Ren Primate Research Group of Psychology Department of Beijing University Kanghui Yan, Yanjie Su, Yin Zhou, and JinJun Li Research Group of Shennongjia National Natural Reserve, Hubei, China Zhaoquan Zhu, Zhelin Hu, Yunfeng Hu Supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS English Summary Introduction Chapter 1 Study site and method Chapter 2 Data sampled from three different ranges Chapter 3 Results Chapter 4 The home range of group Chapter 5 Social behavior patterns Chapter 6 Dominance behavior Chapter 7 Affinitive behavior Chapter 8 Reconciliation behavior Chapter 9 Reproductive behavior Chapter 10 Developmental behavior Chapter 11 Vocal communication Chapter 12 Guarding and informing of males Chapter 13 Conclusion and discussion References FROM CHAPTER 12 [English summary] 12.1 Male Guarding Behavior Observed in the Field There are three basic points to be considered in regard to the male guarding behavior observed in the group. First, 60 % adult males (except the males in o-m-u) and almost all of the subadult males do not belong to the families. As a result, they do not have the chance to mate, and hence transmit their own genes. However, they do not leave and continue to follow the group peripherally. What is their biological function? Second, a golden monkey group is quite large (100-350), but the percentage of adult males (include males in o-m-u) and subadult males in the group is only 20%. The other 80% are females and young. Why and how could they form such a large group and not fear to be attacked by predators? Third, in such a large group it would be incredible if nobody commands the group when to move, where to go, and when to stop. In fact, the monkey group is well organized, so who organizes the group and how it is organized? We realize that the males of all-male-units do not leave the group and may be responsible for guarding. It is the result of a long evolutionary process. Table 2-3, table 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-13, and table 11-1 show the male guarding behavior in several cases. When the group is resting, the males stay at conspicuous sites, such as on the border of the group, or in the top of the trees. They look around and eat. When the group is marching, males walk in front of the group to be the forward guards, walk at the end of the group to be rear guards, or walk by the side of the group to be flank guards. When the group is moving, several males may stay behind and wait for the group to get far away. When disturbance occurs, males immediately come from all directions and congregate at the disturbance, at which time they display and make terrible noises. Case: One of the authors of this book, Hu Zhenlin, saw a fierce fight in 1982. One afternoon he and his colleagues were following a monkey group when they heard a deafening noise from the monkeys. When they approached the monkey group, they saw an adult male fighting a big wolf and the whole group quickly withdrawing. They threw a stone at the wolf, who run away fast, but the male monkey turned to attack the human and griped Hu' s camera tightly with his teeth. Twenty minutes later, the male died from his serious wounds. We realize that this adult male fought against both the wolf and the human to defend his group. HOW TO OBTAIN: Renmei Ren Department of Psychology Peking University Beijing 100871 China [Note: We were delighted to receive a copy of Renmei' Ren's Rhinopithecus Roxellanae field study for announcement on P-S. We are, however, not sure of the available of copies for distribution. People wishing to borrow the WRPRC copy should contact Joanne Brown, WRPRC Library and Information Service: brown@primate.wisc.edu]
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