ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HUMAN EVOLUTION AND PREHISTORY Second Edition Editors Eric Delson Lehman College, City University of New York American Museum of Natural History Ian Tattersall American Museum of Natural History John A. Van Couvering American Museum of Natural Historv Alison S. Brooks George Washington University National Museum of Natural History Garland Publishing, Inc. A member of the Taylor & Francis Group New York & London 2000 SPECIAL FEATURES The first comprehensive one-volume encyclopedia of the evolution of humankind, now thoroughly revised, expanded, and updated. … Encompasses original scholarship on human evolution and paleontology; spans the entire range of historical, geographical, and technological approaches to understanding human prehistory. Comprises more than 800 A-to-Z entries by 49 leading authorities; the entries are supported by a Subject List by Topic that helps readers pinpoint material either topically or chronologically. Hundreds to photographs and illustrations-many prepared especially for this book-visually support the entries. Numerous reader and research aides, including a time chart of dating, a classification of primates, extensive cross-referencing, and suggestions for further reading. WHAT'S NEW IN THE SECOND EDITON … Completely current, state-of-the-science coverage that is more up-to-date than some papers now being published. More than 200 new entries covering the latest fossil finds and cutting-edge theories. Updates of all prior entries, including more than 200 that have been heavily revised and expanded to reflect new developments and discoveries in the field. Index of terms. CONTENTS IX Preface to the First Edition IX Preface to the Second Edition XI Contributors XV How to Use This Book XXIII Classification of the Primates XXXI Summary of Major Subject Areas XXXIII Detailed List of All Articles by Topic 1 The Encyclopedia 739 Index SUMMARY OF MAJOR SUBJECT AREAS ANTHROPOLOGICAL SUBDISCIPLINES EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Basic Concepts Models and Hypotheses Behavioral Biology Genetics Numerical Approaches Systematics MORPHOLOGY General Concepts Bodily Systems PRIMATE TAXA Nonprimares, general terms, grades primates (including humans, arranged taxonomically) GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS Africa Americas Asia Australia Europe GEOLOGY, PALEONTOLOGY, STRATIGRAPHY, GEOCHRONOLOGY Geological Concepts Paleontological Concepts Time Intervals Dating Methods ARCHAEOLOGY General terms and concepts Tools, use and manufacture Industries ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDUSTRIES (BY AGE) Early Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic Late Paleolithic Epipaleolithic Postpaleolithic Paleoindian Disputed or rejected industries ARCHAEOLOGICAL INDUSTRIES (BY GEOGRAPHY) Africa Americas Asia Europe LOCALITIES (BY AGE) Paleogene Miocene Pliocene Early Pleistocene Middle Pleistocene Late Pleistocene (and Holocene) LOCALITIES (BY GEOGRAPHY) Africa Americas Asia Australia Europe CONTRIBUTORS Peter Andrews [P.A.] Department of Palaeontology The Natural History Museum London, England Nancy Benco [N.B.] Department of Anthropology George Washington University Washington, DC Raymond L. Bernor [R.L.B.] Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington, DC Timothy G. Bromage [T.G.B.] Department of Anthropology Hunter College, City University of New York New York, NY Alison S. Brooks [A.S.B.] Department of Anthropology George Washington University and Department of Anthropology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC Francis H. Brown [F.H.B.] Department of Geology University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT Bruce Byland [B.B.] Department of Anthropology Lehman College, City University of New York Bronx, NY Eric Delson [E.D.] Department of Anthropology Lehman College and the Graduate School City University of New York and Department of Vertebrate Paleontology American Museum of Natural History New York, NY C. Jean de Rousseau* [C.J.D.] Santa Barbara, CA Daryl P. Domning* [D.P.D.] Department of Anatomy Howard University College of Medicine Washington, DC Niles Eldredge [N.E.] Department of Invertebrates American Museum of Natural History New York, NY John G. Fleagle* [J.G.F.] Department of Anatomical Sciences Health Sciences Center State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY Frederick E. Grine [F.E.G.] Department of Anthropology State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY Katerina Harvati [K.H.] Ph.D. Program in Anthropology City University of New York New York, NY Andrew Hill* [A.H.] Department of Anthropology Yale University New Haven, CT Ralph L. Holloway [R.L.H.] Department of Anthropology Columbia University New York, NY Richard F. Kay [R.F.K.] Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC William H. Kimbel [W.H.K.] Institute of Human Origins Arizona State University Tempe, AZ Carol Kramer* [C.K.] Department of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ John Krigbaum [J.K.] Department of Anthropology New York University New York, NY George Kukla* [G.K.] Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Columbia University Palisades, NY Jeffrey T. Laitman [J.T.L.] Department of Anatomy Mt. Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY Susan G. Larson [S.G.L.] Department of Anatomical Sciences Health Sciences Center State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY Leslie F. Marcus [L.F.M.] Department of Biology Queens College, City University of New York and Department of Invertebrates American Museum of Natural History New York, NY Jon Marks [J.M.] Department of Anthropology University of California Berkeley, CA Alexander Marshack [A.M.] Peabody Museum Harvard University Cambridge, MA John F. Oates [J.F.O.] Department of Anthropology Hunter College, City University of New York New York, NY John W. Olsen [J.W.O.] Department of Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ Todd R. Olson [T.R.O.] Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, NY Lorann S.A. Pendleton [L.S.A.P.] Department of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York, NY Geoffrey G. Pope [G.G.P.] Anthropology Program William Paterson College Wayne, NJ Richard Potts [R.P.] Department of Anthropology National Museum of Natural History Washington, DC G. Philip Rightmire [G.P.R.] Department of Anthropology State University of New York at Binghamton Binghamton, NY Alfred L. Rosenberger [A.L.R.] National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC Kathy Schick [K.S.] Department of Anthropology Indiana University Bloomington, IN Henry P. Schwarcz [H.P.S.] Department of Geology McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario CANADA Jeffrey H. Schwartz [J.H.S.] Department of Anthropology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA Brian T. Shea [B.T.S.] Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy Northwestern University Chicago, IL John J. Shea [J.J.S.] Department of Anthropology State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, NY Andrew Sillen [A.S.] University of Cape Town Cape Town, South Africa Olga Soffer [D.S.] Department of Anthropology University of Illinois Urbana, IL Frank Spencer [F.S.] Department of Anthropology Queens College, City University of New York Flushing, NY Christopher B. Stringer [C.B.S.] Department of Paleontology The Natural History Museum London, ENGLAND Gen Suwa [G.S.] Department of Biological Science University of Tokyo, JAPAN Frederick S. Szalay [F.S.S.] Department of Anthropology Hunter College, City University of New York New York, NY lan Tattersall [I.T.] Department of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York, NY David H. Thomas [D.H.T.] Department of Anthropology American Museum of Natural History New York, NY Alan Thorne [A.T.] Department of Prehistory Research School of Pacific Studies Australian National University Canberra, AUSTRALIA Nick Toth [N.T.] Department of Anthropology Indiana University Bloomington, IN John A. Van Couvering [J.A.V.C.] Micropaleontology Press American Museum of Natural History New York, NY Robert C. Walter [R.C.W.] Department of Geology University of Toronto Ontario, CANADA Frances J. White* [F.J.W.] Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC Tim D. White [T.D.W.] Department of Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley, CA Bernard A. Wood [B.A.W.] Department of Anthropology George Washington University Washington, DC *indicates authors who contributed to the first but not the second edition; some of their original work has been retained, as has their authorship. 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