Edited by Lesley J. Rogers and Gisela Kaplan Centre for Neuroscience and Animal Behavior School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences University of New England Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, Volume 3 Series editor: Russell H. Tuttle, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2004 PUBLISHER DESCRIPTION This book explores afresh the long-standing interest, and emphasis on, the 'special' capacities of primates. Some of the recent discoveries of the higher cognitive abilities of other mammals and also birds challenge the concept that primates are special and even the view that the cognitive ability of apes is more advanced than that of nonprimate mammals and birds. It is therefore timely to ask whether primates are, in fact, special and to do so from a broad range of perspectives. Divided into five sections this book deals with topics about higher cognition and how it is manifested in different species, and also considers aspects of brain structure that might be associated with complex behavior. It will become apparent to the reader that researchers are only at the beginning of the search to find out whether primates are special and, of course, by 'special' is meant not just different, which applies to all biological categories, but 'better' in the ephemeral sense of being more like us and being cognitively superior to all other species. This volume, voicing the opinions of some leading primatologists, ethologists, psychobiologists, neuroscientists and anthropologists, is not speaking from the standpoint of a political engagement with primates but of a scientific engagement with primates in relation to all other species. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contributors xv PART I: COMPLEX COGNITION 1. Comparing the Complex Cognition of Birds and Primates 3 Nathan J. Emery and Nicola S. Clayton Introduction 3 Why Might Primates be Superior to Non-Primates? 5 Comparing Birds and Primates 5 Primates have a Neocortex Larger than Predicted for their Body Size 5 Primates have an Expanded Prefrontal Cortex 8 Primates Demonstrate Social Learning and Imitation 9 Primates Understand Others' Mental States 14 Primates Display Insight, Innovation, and they Construct and Use Tools 23 Insight and Innovation 23 Manufacture and Use of Tools 25 Primates Utilize Symbolic and Referential Communication 27 Primates Demonstrate Elements of Mental Time Travel 29 The Retrospective Component-Episodic Memory? 30 Do Animals have Episodic-like Memory? 31 Episodic-like Memory in Scrub-Jays 32 The Prospective Component-Future Planning 33 Is there any Evidence of Future Planning in Animals? 35 Food Caching by Scrub-Jays: A Candidate for Future Planning in Animals? 36 The Perils of Primatocentrism and "Scala Naturae" 36 Uses and Abuses of the Ecological/Ethological Approach to Cognition 38 Species Differences in Ecology and Cognition 39 Ethologically Relevant Stimuli are Difficult to Control 40 How Far can the Natural Behavior of an Animal be Translated to the Laboratory? 41 The Great Divide: Awareness of "Self" 41 Is there a Case for Convergent Cognitive Evolution and Divergent Neurological Evolution? 45 Acknowledgments 46 References 46 2.Visual Cognition and Representation in Birds and Primates 57 Giorgio Vallortigara Introduction 57 Integration and Interpolation of Visual Information in the Spatial Domain 58 Integration and Interpolation of Visual Information in the Temporal Domain 69 Representing Objects 72 Objects in Space: Use of Geometric and Nongeometric Information 77 Conclusions 84 Acknowledgments 85 References 85 PART II: SOCIAL LEARNING 3. Socially Mediated Learning among Monkeys and Apes: Some Comparative Perspectives 97 Hilary 0. Box and Anne E. Russon Introduction 97 Socially Mediated Learning 98 Imitation 106 Imitation in Monkeys 106 Imitation in Great Apes 110 Primate Imitation in Broader Perspective 115 Culture 118 Behavioral Traditions among Monkeys 119 Behavioral Traditions among the Great Apes 121 Facilitating Influences on Behavioral Traditions among Great Apes 123 References 127 4. Social Learning, Innovation, and Intelligence in Fish 141 Yfke van Bergen, Kevin N. Laland, and William Hoppitt Introduction 141 Traditions and Social Learning in Guppies 144 Innovation in Guppies-Is Necessity the Mother of Invention? 148 Conformity and Social Release 152 Primate Supremacy Reconsidered 156 Conclusions 163 Acknowledgments 164 References 164 PART III: COMMUNICATION 5. The Primate Isolation Call: A Comparison with Precocial Birds and Non-primate Mammals 171 John D. Newman Introduction 171 The Mammalian Isolation Call 172 The Primate Isolation Call 174 Isolation Call Development 175 A Well-Studied Primate 176 Neurochemical (Pharmacological) Control of Isolation Call Production 177 Neural Mechanisms of Isolation Call Production 177 Neural Mechanisms of Isolation Call Perception 179 Conclusions 181 References 181 6. Meaningful Communication in Primates, Birds, and Other Animals 189 Gisela Kaplan Introduction 189 Communication from the Point of View of the Receiver 191 Referential Signaling 191 Vocal Signaling in General 191 Motivational versus Referential Signals 192 Attributing Meaning in Alarm and Food Calling 194 Deception in Vocal Signaling 197 Nonvocal Communication 199 Human Language and Animal Studies 201 Co-evolutionary Events 204 Complex Communication, Social Organization, and the Hunt 205 Advantages of Living Together 207 Hierarchy, Group Complexity, and Feeding 212 Conclusion 214 References 215 PART IV: THEORY OF MIND 7. Theory of Mind and Insight in Chimpanzees, Elephants, and Other Animals? 227 Moti Nissan Elephant Cognition 228 Do Elephants and Chimpanzees know that People See? 231 Experiment 1: Do Elephants know that People See? 240 Experiment 2: Do Chimpanzees know that People See? 245 Insight in Animals? 248 Retractable Cord-Pulling in Elephants 251 Do Elephants know when to Suck or Blow? 254 Conclusion 257 Acknowledgments 257 References 258 8. The Use of Social Information in Chimpanzees and Dogs 263 Josep Call Reading Attention 265 What can Others See 266 What Organ is Responsible for Vision 269 Following Attention 271 Attention Following into Distant Space 272 Attention Following in Object Choice 272 Directing Attention 275 Discussion 278 References 283 PART V: BRAIN, EVOLUTION, AND HEMISPHLRIC SPECIALIZATION 9. Increasing the Brain's Capacity: Neocortex, New Neurons, and Hemispheric Specialization 289 Lesley Rogers Introduction 289 Brain Size Relative to Body Weight 290 Neocortex/Isocortex 296 Frontal Lobes 299 Relative Differences in the Size of Different Regions of the Brain 299 Coordinated Size Change 300 Mosaic Evolution 302 Linking the Size of Brain Regions to Specific Behavior 304 Correlations between Brain Size and Behavior 305 Foraging for Food 305 Social Intelligence 306 Social Learning, Innovation, and Tool Use 308 Hemispheric Specialization 310 Corpus Callosum 312 Experience and Brain Size 314 Assumptions/New Neurons 316 Conclusion 317 References 318 10. The Evolution of Lateralized Motor Functions 325 Michelle A. Hook Whole-body Turning 327 Lower Vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles 327 Birds 329 Non-Primate Mammals: Rodents, Dolphins, Cats, and Dogs 329 Non-Human Primates 331 Summary of Turning Biases 331 Hand Preferences for Simple Actions 332 Lower Vertebrates 332 Birds 333 Non-Primate Mammals: Rodents 333 Non-Primate Mammals: Cats and Dogs 334 Non-Human Primates 335 Summary of Hand Preferences for Simple Actions 338 Complex Visuospatial Tasks 339 Non-Primate Mammals: Cats 339 Non-Human Primates 340 Summary of Complex Visuospatial Tasks 342 Manipulation and Tool Use 343 Birds 343 Non-Human Primates 344 Summary of Manipulation and Tool Use 345 Foot Preferences in Locomotion 346 Birds 346 Non-Human Primates 347 Summary of Foot Preferences in Locomotion 348 Production of Emotional Responses and Vocalizations 348 Lower Vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles 348 Birds 349 Non-Primate Mammals: Rodents 351 Non-Human Primates 352 Summary 354 Are Primates Special? 355 Acknowledgments 359 References 359 Epilogue 371 About the Editors 375 Index 377 ***************************************************** ISBN: 0306477270 (hardcover) $140.00 USD WHERE TO ORDER: North and South America: Kluwer Academic Publishers Customer Service Department P.O. Box 358, Accord Station Hingham, MA 02018-0358 U.S.A. Tel: (781) 871-6600 Toll Free: (866) 269-9527 Fax: (781) 681-9045 E-mail: kluwer@wkap.com The hours of operation are Monday - Friday, 8:30 am - 5:00 pm, EST. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia: Kluwer Academic Publishers Customer Service Department P.O. Box 989 3300 AZ Dordrecht The Netherlands Tel: (+31) 78 657 60 50 Fax: (+31) 78 657 62 54 E-mail: services@wkap.nl The hours of operation are Monday - Friday, CET: 8.30 - 17.00 hrs. Direct link to online catalog entry: http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-306-47727-0 Posted Date: 02/25/04
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