Edited by D.M. Broom
Dahlem Workshop Report 87
Dahlem University Press, 2000
FROM THE BACK COVER
The study of systems for coping with adversity in life is one of the most
important areas of fundamental science in biology and medicine. However,
perhaps because it necessitates knowledge of several different conventional
scientific disciplines, neither this discipline nor its application in
gaining a full understanding of the welfare of humans and other animals has
been adequately studied. In this volume, eminent biological, medical, and
veterinary scientists working on physiology, psychology, psychiatry,
neuroscience, animal behavior, and immunology present the current state of
knowledge. The rapidly developing science of animal welfare assessment has
been applied to issues of human quality of life and vice versa.
Three particular problems clarified in this book are stress, the
identification of good welfare, and the overlap of health and welfare, the
identification of good welfare, and the overlap of health and welfare. The
concept of stress had been confused through the imprecise usage of the term
by historically influential workers. In this volume, the authors make it
clear that it is scientifically undesirable to equate stress with
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrendal axis functioning or with any other single
coping mechanism while emphasizing that stress is a concept of vital
importance. They advocate more investigation of good welfare in humans and
other animals and explain that the motivation in all species is striving
for good welfare as well as avoiding problems in life. Each of the various
strategies used in coping with challenge is worthy of study. Health is an
important aspect of welfare, rather than being a separate area of study.
Disease always means poor welfare, and poor welfare can lead to
pathology. All of the mechanisms for coping with challenge and promoting
good welfare are discussed,
Goals of this Dahlem Workshop: to promote an interchange of ideas among
scientists studying human psychological disorders, neuropsychology or the
behavior, physiology, and immunology of other animals, about the attempts
of individuals to adapt to or cope with their environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Dahlem Konferenzen ix
List of Participants xi
Preface xv
1 Coping, Stress, and Welfare 1
D.M. Broom
2 Is There a Neurobiology of Good Welfare? 11
C.S. Carter
3 What Is Important to Achieve Good Welfare in Animals? 31
N. Sachser
4 Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: Good Welfare in Humans 49
S.K Lutgendorf
5 How Can We Recognize and Assess Good Welfare? 63
M.S. Dawkins
6 Group Report: Good Welfare: Improving Quality of Life 79
Knierim, Rapporteur, C. S. Carter, D. Fraser, K Gartner,
K Lutgendorf, S. Mineka, J. Panksepp, and N. Sachser
7 Can We Understand the Brain and Coping without Considering the Immune System? 101
R. Dantzer
8 Is There a Major Stress System in the Brain? 111
R.J. Nelson
9 Motivation and Coping 123
P. Jensen
10 Is There a Major Stress System at the Periphery Other than the Adrenals? 135
S. W Porges
11 Group Report: Key Elements of Coping 151
JM.H.M. Reul, Rapporteur,
C.L. Coe, R. Dantzer, P. Jensen, S.L. Lightman, S. W. Porges, J. Rushen,
V. Stefansh, and A. J. Zanella
12 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Modulating Physiological Coping Systems during Development 169
P.M. Plotsky, M.M. Sanchez, and S. Levine
13 How and Why Coping Systems Vary among Individuals 197
J.M. Koolhaus, S.F. de Boer, B. Buwalda, B.J. van der Vegt,C. Carere, and
A.G.G. Groothuis
14 How Do Animals Cope with Social Problems? 211
M. Mendl
15 Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators: Lessons Learned from the Immune System and Brain 229
B.S. McEwen
16 Group Report: Key Sources of Variability in Coping 249
B. Forkman, Rapporteur, H.J. BloLhuis, D.M. Broom, S. Kaiser, JM.
Koolhaus, S. Levine, M. Mendl, P.M. Plotsky, and M. Schedlowsh
17 How Are Stress and Depression Interrelated? 271
M. Irwin
18 What Are the Neurobiological Consequences of Stress? 289
E. Fuchs, M. Kramert, and G. Flugge
19 Stress and Sickness Decrease Food Intake and Body Weight: How
Does This Happen? When Does This Adaptive Response Progress to Pain and Suffering? 301
M.F. Dallman
20 Social Stress in Wild Mammals in Their Natural Habitat 317
D. von Holst
21 Group Report: Pathological Consequences of Stress 337
P. Mormede, Rapporteur M. F. Dallman, E. Fuchs, J.J. Heijn en, C. Heim,
D. H. Hellhammer, M. Irwin, E.S. Paykel, D. von Holst, and S. von Horsten
Author Index 356
Subject Index 357
NOTE ON PRESS
The Dahiem Konferenzen
In 1974, the Stifterverband fur die Deutsche Wissenschaft in cooperation
with the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft founded the Dahlem Konferenzen. It
was created to promote an interdisciplinary exchange of scientific ideas as
well as to stimulate cooperation in research among international
scientists. Dahlem Konferenzen proved itself to be an invaluable tool for
communication in science, and so, to secure its long-term future, it was
integrated into the Freie Universitat Berlin in January, 1990.
As has been evident over recent years, scientific research has become
highly interdisciplinary. Now, before real progress can be made in any one
field, the concepts, methods, and strategies of related fields must be
understood and able to be applied. Coordinated research efforts, scientific
cooperation, and basic communication between the disciplines and the
scientists themselves must be promoted in order for science to advance.
To meet these demands, Dahlem Konferenzen created a special type of forum
for communication, now internationally recognized as the Dahlem Workshop
Model. These workshops are the framework in which coherent discussions
between the disciplines take place and are focused around a topic of high
priority interest to the disciplines concerned. At a Dahlem Workshop,
scientists are able to pose questions and solicit alternative opinions on
contentious issues from colleagues from related fields. The overall goal of
a workshop is not necessarily to reach a consensus but rather to identify
gaps in knowledge, to find new ways of approaching controversial issues,
and to define priorities for future research. This philosophy is
implemented at every stage of a workshop: from the selection of the theme
to its breakdown in the discussion groups, from the writing of the
background papers to the formulation of the group reports.
Workshop topics are proposed by leading scientists and are approved by a
scientific board, which is advised by qualified referees. Once a topic has
been approved, a Program Advisory Committee of scientists meets
approximately one year before the workshop to delineate the scientific
parameters of the meeting, select participants, and assign them their
tasks. Participants are invited on the basis of their scientific standing
alone.
Each workshop is organized around four key questions, which are addressed
by four discussion groups of approximately ten participants. Lectures or
formal presentations are taboo at Dahlem. Instead, concentrated
discussion-within a group and between groups-is the means by which maximum
communication is achieved. To facilitate this discussion, participants
prepare the workshop theme prior to the meeting through the "background
papers," the themes and authors of which are chosen by the Program Advisory
Committee. These papers specifically review a particular aspect of the
group's discussion topic as well as function as a springboard to the group
discussion, by introducing controversies or unresolved problem areas.
During the workshop week, each group sets its own agenda to cover the
discussion topic. Cross-fertilization between groups is both stressed and
encouraged. By the end of the week, in a collective effort, each group has
prepared a report reflecting the ideas, opinions, and contentious issues of
the group as well as identifying directions for future research and problem
areas still in need of resolution.
A Dahlem Workshop initiates and facilitates discussion between a certain
number-necessarily restricted-of scientists. Because it is imperative that
the discussion and communication should continue after a workshop, we
present the results to the scientific community at large in the form of
this published volume. In it you will find the revised background papers
and group reports, as well as an introduction to the workshop theme itself.
The difference between proceedings of many conventional meetings and this
workshop report will be easily discernable. Here, the background papers
have not only been reviewed by formal referees, they have been revised
according to the many comments and suggestions made by all participants. In
this sense, they are reviewed more thoroughly than scientific articles in
most archival journals. In addition, an extensive editorial procedure
ensures a coherent volume. I am sure that you, too, will appreciate the
tireless efforts of the many reviewers, authors, and editors.
On their behalf, I sincerely hope that the spirit of this workshop as well
as the ideas and controversies raised will stimulate you in your work and
future endeavors.
Wedigo de Vivanco
Dean of International Affairs and
Director of Dahlem Konferenzen
Freien Universitat Berlin
Thielallee 66, 14195 Berlin, Germany
WHERE TO ORDER
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Posted Date: 04-08-03
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/coping.html
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