PRIMATE COMMUNITIES Edited by John G. Fleagle State University of New York, Stony Brook Charles H. Janson State University of New York, Stony Brook Kaye E. Reed Arizona State University, Tempe Cambridge University Press 1999 CONTENTS List of Contributors .....................................vii Preface ...................................................ix 1. African primate communities: Determinants of structure and threats to survival COLIN A. CHAPMAN, ANNTE GAUTIER-HION, JOHN F. OATES AND DAPHNE A. ONDERDONK ........................................1 2. Biomass and use of resources in south and south-east Asian primate communities A. K. GUPTA AND DAVID J. CHIVERS ..........................38 3. Species coexistence, distribution and environmental determinants of neotropical primate richness: A community- level zoogeographic analysis CARLOS A. PERES AND CHARLES H. JANSON .....................55 4. Primate communities: Madagascar JORG U. GANZHORN, PATRICIA C. WRIGHT AND JONAH RATSIMBAZAFY ..............................................75 5. Primate diversity JOHN G. FLEAGLE, CHARLES H. JANSON AND KAYE E. REED .......90 6. Phylogenetic and temporal perspectives on primate ecology JOHN G. FLEAGLE AND KAYE E. REED ..........................92 7. Population density of primates in communities: Differences in community structure KAYE E. REED .............................................116 8. Body mass, competition and the structure of primate communities JORG U. GANZHORN .........................................141 9. Convergence and divergence in primate social systems PETER M. KAPPELER ........................................158 10. Of mice and monkeys: Primates as predictors of mammal community richness LOUISE H. EMMONS .........................................171 11. Comparing communities JOHN G. FLEAGLE, CHARLES H. JANSON AND KAYE E. REED ......189 12. Large-scale patterns of species richness and species range size in anthropoid primates HARRIET A. C. EELEY AND MICHAEL J. LAWES .................191 13. The recent evolutionary past of primate communities: Likely environmental impacts during the past three millennia CAROLINE TUTIN AND LEE WHITE .............................220 14. Resources and primate community structure CHARLES H. JANSON AND COLIN A. CHAPMAN ...................237 15. Effects of subsistence hunting and forest types on the structure of Amazonian primate commmunities CARLOS A. PERES ..........................................268 16. Spatial and temporal scales in primate community structure JOHN G. FLEAGLE, CHARLES H. JANSON AND KAYE E. REED ......284 17. Primate communities in Africa: The consequences of long- term evolution or the artifact of recent hunting? THOMAS T. STRUHSAKER .....................................289 18. The future of primate communities: A reflection of the present? PATRICIA C. WRIGHT AND JUKKA JERNVALL ....................295 19. Concluding remarks JOHN G. FLEAGLE, CHARLES H. JANSON AND KAYE E. REED ......310 Systematic index .........................................315 Subject index ............................................319 PREFACE [Exerpeted] During the last four decades, the primates of Africa, Asia, Madagascar and South America have been the subject of hundreds of field studies involving millions of hours of observation. Despite this remarkable effort, there have been only a handful of attempts to undertake broad comparisons of the primate faunas in different biogeographical regions in order to document and understand their similarities and differences. This volume is an effort to make a start in addressing that major gap in our understanding of primate evolution. By bringing together a group of researchers with many decades of combined experience in all the major regions of the world inhabited by primates today, we hoped to summarize our current understanding of the factors determining primate community biology, highlight the many lacunae in our knowledge, and provide a baseline for future research in the area. Like many projects of this nature, this one has a long history and has only been possible through the efforts and generosity of many people and organizations, especially the citizens and governments of countries inhabited by nonhuman primates today who have permitted and supported the research by primate field workers that ultimately formed the basis of the studies summarized here. The WennerGren Foundation provided funds, and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Wisconsin provided the space, for a workshop on "Primate Communities" in 1996 that enabled many of the authors to discuss this topic face-to-face over three intense days in Madison, Wisconsin. We especially thank Dr Sydel Silverman, President of the WennerGren Foundation, and Drs Karen Strier and Margaret Schoeninger for their support of the workshop. Joan Kelly was indispensable in organizing the workshop. John G. Fleagle Charles H. Janson Kaye E. Reed INTRODUCTION [Chapter 1--Colin Chapman, et. al.] Africa is an immense continent covering approximately .I) million square kilometers and encompassing 49 countries. For decades Africa has been considered a continent of great mystery, partly stemming from the fact that when Europeans first traveled to Africa, they found large expanses of seemingly impenetrable forests. Further, the first explorers often pressed inland by following rivers and thus often encountered only long stretches of riverine forest. In reality, the majority of the rainforest in Africa is situated in a belt that extends less than 10° north and south of the equator, and it is frequently broken by savanna or dry forest (e.g., the 300 km wide Dahomey Gap in West Africa). Thus, unlike that initial impressions of continuous homogenous forest, Africa actually contains a myriad of habitats from multi-strata tropical forest, to dry deciduous forest, woodland, savanna, and desert. Along with the variety of habitats found within the continent, Africa harbors a great diversity of primate communities: at least 64 species of primates are found in Africa (15 prosimians, 46 monkeys, and 3 apes, Oates 1996a; Fig. 1.1). The objective of this chapter is to provide a template with which to begin to understand the diversity of primate communities in Africa's tropical forests. To do this, we first review the nature of the forested habitats in which primates occur, describing general habitat characteristics and when possible, providing detailed contrasts of rainfall and forest structure. Subsequently, since the majority of primate research taking a community level approach is derived from a handful of sites, we describe each of these field locations and the key studies conducted at each site. This descriptive information is then used to evaluate how data from Africa can provide insights into determinants of primate community structure. Finally, we describe the major threats faced by primate communities in Africa. It is clear that African tropical forests and the primate communities they support are seriously threatened by accelerating rates of forest conversion and degradation and by subsistence and commercial hunting. The impact of these threats is so great that some primate communities have been lost altogether, while others have been irrevocably changed before they can even be described. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS COLIN A. CHAPMAN Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA DAVID J. CHIVERS WildliJe Research Group, Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK HARRIET A. C. EELEY The Forest Biodiversity Programme, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa LOUISE H. EMMONS Smithsonian Institution, Division of Mammals, MRC 108, Washington, DC 20560, USA JOHN G. FLEAGLE Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook NY 11794-8081, USA JORG U. GANZHORN Zoologisches Institut, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany ANNIE GAUTIER-HION CNRS, Universite' de Rennes 1, Station Biologique, 35380 Paimport, France A. K. GUPTA Wildlife Research Group, Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK CHARLES H. JANSON Department of Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245, USA JUKKA JERNVALL Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), FIN 00014, Finland PETER M. KAPPELER ABt Verhaltensforschung/Okologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Gottingen, Germany MICHAEL J. LAWES The Forest Biodiversity Programme, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa JOHN F. OATES Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY10021, USA DAPHNE A. ONDERDONK Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA CARLOS A. PERES School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7]T, UK JONAH RATSIMBAZAFY Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA KAYE E. REED Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Box 874101, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA THOMAS T STRUHSAKER Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, Box 90383, Durham, NC 27708-0383, USA CAROLINE TUTIN S.E.G.C., BP 7847, Libreville, Gabon LEE WHITE Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, and Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK PATRICIA C. WRIGHT Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA WHERE TO ORDER Cambridge University Press 110 Midland Avenue Port Chester, NY 10573-4930 Tel: 1-800-872-7423 Fax: 1-914-937-4712 Price: $29.95 ISBN: 0521629675
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