THE GROWTH OF HUMANITY Barry Bogin Department of Behavioral Sciences University of Michigan, Dearborn Dearborn, Michigan 48128 bbogin@umich.edu Wiley-Liss A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication New York, Chichester, Weinheim, Brisbane, Singapore, Toronto 2001 FROM BACK COVER The growth of human populations and human physical growth are intimately related, and their combined study links several fields including anthropology, demography, economics, and history. The Growth of Humanity provides an introduction to key concepts, methods of research, and essential discoveries in the fields of human demography and human growth and development, particularly in relation to disease, nutrition, and aging. This book explains the evolution and significance of human life history, especially human childhood and adolescence, and shows how new stages of human development lead inextricably to the growth of the entire human population. Providing a comprehensive and exciting biocultural perspective into the uses of demography in the real world, this first volume in the new Wiley series, FOUNDATIONS OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, explains how and why the way people grow leads to greater human reproductive success than that of any other mammal. Written in an appealing, accessible style, The Growth of Humanity reviews such topics as: * How populations grow: history, methods, and principles of demography * Basic principles of human growth and development * Evolution of human life history * Food, demography, and growth * Migration and human health * Anthropometric history * The aging of humanity * And much more The Growth of Humanity is appropriate as an introduction for graduate students and advanced undergraduates studying human growth/development and demography while also proving to be a fascinating read for demographers, anthropologists, and human biologists. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments xi Series Introduction xiii ONE Of Populations and People 1 Life History: The Link between Demography and Growth, 5 Why Do Anthropologists Study Human Growth and Demography?, 6 Anthropological Perspective on HIV/AIDS, 8 Biocultural Model of HIV/AIDS, 11 Demographic Impact of HIV/AIDS, 16 Economic Effects of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 18 Impact of HIV/AIDS on Family Structure and Human Development, 18 Integrated Study of Human Demography and Growth, 20 Box 1.1. "HIV/AIDS Is Among Us", 12 Box 2.2. Human Growth in Biocultural Perspective, 13 TWO How Populations Grow: History, Methods, and Principles of Demography 22 Population Problem, 22 Was There a Population Problem?, 25 How Many People?, 25 Human Population Size Today, 26 Population Census, 27 Using Census Data: Defining the Population, 29 Using Census Data: The Life Table, 31 Medical Example of the Use of Life Tables, 36 Life Table Analysis of Growth and Development, 37 >From Malthus to Gompertz, 41 Fall and Rise of Biodemography, 42 Fertility and Mortality, 43 Population Pyramids, 49 Population Regulation: Limits to Population Growth, 51 Biocultural Regulation of Human Fertility, 52 Box 2.1. Questions Found on a Modern Census, 30 Box 2.2. Social Regulation of Fertility in the Mormon Church, 61 THREE How People Grow 63 Basic Principles of Human Growth and Development, 64 Stages in the Life Cycle, 64 FOUR Evolution of the Human Life History 98 Human Life Cycle, 99 Evolution of Human Life History: Growth and Demography, 102 Evolution of Ontogeny, 103 Case for De Novo Childhood, 106 Human Childhood, 107 How and When Did Human Childhood Evolve?, 113 Who Benefits from Childhood?, 119 Summary of Childhood, 128 When and Why Did Adolescence Evolve?, 128 Why Do Girls Have Adolescence, or Why Wait So Long to Have a Baby?, 135 Why Do Boys Have Adolescence?, 138 Summary of Adolescence, 140 Postreproductive Life Stage, 140 Conclusion, 141 Box 4.1. The Evolutionary Psychology of Childhood, 123 FIVE Food, Demography, and Growth 143 Food for the Body and the Spirit, 144 Nutrients Versus Food, 147 Sources of Knowledge, 150 Human Diet Evolution, 152 Studies of Living Hunters and Gatherers, 158 Summary of Evidence for the Evolution of Human Nutrition, 163 Diet, Agricultural Development, and Demography, 163 Conquest, Food, and Health, 166 "Man or Maize": Which Came First?, 169 Industrialization, Urbanization, and the Further Decline of Human Health, 172 Demographic Transition, 175 Progress?, 178 Plagues and Progress, 180 Diet and the Diseases of Modern Life, 181 Electronic Revolution, 186 Conclusion, 187 Box 5.1. Conception of the People of Corn, 144 Box 5.2. Classification of Human Societies, 145 SIX Migration and Human Health 189 Rural-to-Urban Migration, 191 Biology of the City, 193 Urban Migration Since World War II, 199 Are Cities Good or Bad for People?, 200 Biocultural Research on Urban Adaptation, 203 Growth and Development, 203 Fertility and Demography, 214 Three Case Studies of Migrant Fertility, 216 Migrant Selection?, 217 Health Status and Mortality, 218 The U-Curve Model, 220 Effects of Migration on the Remaining Population, 222 Summary: Migration and Adaptation to the City, 225 Biocultural View of Migration, 227 Box 6.1. Cape Verde: Migration and Morabeza, 196 Box 6.2. Migrations Caused by Droughts and Consequent Floods of Famine: Case of the Cape Verde Islands, 210 Box 6.3. Changing Family Structure in Cape Verde: Some Effects of Emigration on the Remaining Population, 222 SEVEN Growth of Humanity 229 Population Variation in Body Size, 230 Population Variation in Demography, 239 Mirror of Society, 240 Evolutionary Background to Growth and Population Structure, 242 Smaller Body Size Is Not a Genetic Adaptation, 244 Plasticity in Growth and Demography. 244 8,000 Years of Human Growth in Latin America, 245 Anthropometric History, 250 Irish Famine, 251 Desertification of Rural Portugal, 259 Box 7.1. Giants in the Americas?, 232 Box 7.2. Biology of Potato Blight, 253 EIGHT The Aging of Humanity 263 Japan: The Aging Sun, 265 Biocultural Aging, 268 Menopause, Aging, and Sexism, 269 The Valuable Grandmother, or Could Menopause Evolve?, 270 Wither Humanity?, 275 Healthy People, Healthy Populations, 279 Glossary 281 References 289 Index 313 SERIES INTRODUCTION Human beings are more than what we are as animals. But what we are as animals guides and limits what else we can be; and so the proper starting place for the study of humanity is the study of our biology. The series Foundations of Human Biology was conceived as a suite of five interrelated books that would cover the fundamental facts of biological anthropology, the science that deals with the biology of human beings in a cultural context. Our aim in creating this series was to present the core knowledge of biological anthropology to students through the work of its leading practitioners and best authors. Subsequent volumes in the series will focus on the human body, the human genome, the fossil record of human evolution, and the evolution of human behavior. We are delighted to inaugurate our series with Barry Bogin's daring and innovative work, which integrates the studies of human growth, nutrition, and demography with each other and with our current scientific understanding of the human fossil and archaeological record. Barry Bogin is known for seeing clearly in all matters relating to the growth and development of humans. His views on the evolution of childhood and adolescence have become an important part of the study of human biology. His meticulous work on the causes of height variability among Guatemalan children has become the standard by which we judge investigations of comparative stature. Bogin is a careful investigator who has always asked questions of importance both for humanity and for evolutionary biologists. We hope that this book will serve to bring his work to an even greater audience. The reader will find The Growth of Humanity to be much more than an authoritative text, skillfully written. It is a powerful vision of how ontogeny and phylogeny have interacted in the history of human populations. In The Growth of Humanity, Bogin presents a pathbreaking synthesis that ranges through all the subdisciplines of biological anthropology to yield a new, interdisciplinary understanding of the evolution of human life history and population growth. His book will teach you to look at the world around you with new wisdom, and sensitize you to the ways in which the sociocultural world molds and shapes human bodies and lives. Through this book, you will come to see how wars, disease, and economics translate into changes in stature, body composition, and growth rates in a population, and how these changes affect differential reproduction and evolution. You will begin to understand why ancient hunters and gatherers, living in small, mobile groups, led remarkably healthy lives, and why technological progress and disease have until very recently been opposite sides of one coin. You will gain a new perception of childhood and adolescence-not as mere labels for arbitrary age classes, but as evolutionary novelties as important to the human adaptation as the acquisition of fire and language. Perhaps most importantly, this book will impress on its readers that the real population crisis the world faces in the century ahead is not a matter of uncontrolled growth, but of the unequal distribution of human reproduction and human resources. Barry Bogin has given all of us a wonderfully readable book dealing with some of the critical issues of the day in a language that is accessible to everyone. We are fortunate to have this important contribution as the first work in our series. We feel sure that your perceptions of the human world will be transformed by reading The Growth of Humanity. Kaye Brown Matt Cartmill Series Editors Foundations of Human Biology WHERE TO ORDER John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1 Wiley Dr. Somerset, NJ, 08875-1272 U.S.A. Phone: 800-225-5945 Fax: 732-302-2300 Web site: www.wiley.com COST: $69.95 Hardcover (ISBN: 0471354481)
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