BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, AND SURGERY OF SOUTH AMERICAN WILD ANIMALS
Murray E. Fowler, Editor
Zalmir S. Cubas, Associate Editor
Iowa State University Press
Ames, Iowa
2001
FROM THE PRESS RELEASE
Through clear organization and extensive tables, Biology, Medicine, and
Surgery of South American Wild Animals features:
* Continent-specific divisions of amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals
arranged by family and genus. Where possible, animal names are given
in English, Spanish and Portuguese.
* Topics such as conservation efforts, diseases in free-ranging
populations, and management of animals maintained in captivity.
* Special coverage of general health topics such as nutrition,
ophthalmology, and dentistry.
* References for further reading.
A must-have for veterinarians, animal healthcare workers, and wildlife
biologists, this text is the first compilation by regional specialists.
About the editors: Murray E. Fowler, DVM, is professor emeritus of
zoological medicine in the School of Veterinary Medicine at the University
of California, Davis. He is an award winning author and teacher, as well
as a diplomate of the American College of zoological Medicine, the American
Board of Veterinary Toxicology, and the American College of Veterinary
Internal Medicine.
Zalmir S. Cubas, DVM, is a private practitioner at Clinica Veterinaria
Pelos e Penas, Iguassu Falls, Brazil; and veterinarian in the Criadouro
Conservacionista Tres Fronteiras, Iguassu Falls, Brazil.
PREFACE
South America has many wonderful wild animals that are worthy of the
special care given them by biologists and veterinarians. Governments in
South America are beginning to recognize the importance of their wild
fauna. Zoos in South America and worldwide have exhibited South American
animals for decades, to the delight of the public. Concern about the
continued existence of certain species has prompted a surge in the number
of scientists conducting studies to ascertain as much as possible about the
lives of wild animals in the free-ranging state. Zoo biologists and
veterinarians are participating in cooperative captive propagation programs.
Wild animals are being managed in semi-free-ranging situations, conditions
for the production of meat and fiber for human use. Endangered species of
wild animals are being given special consideration by private
aviculturists, zoos, rehabilitation centers, and government agencies.
Captive propagation is practiced for release back into the wild (Andean
condor). Some projects are international in scope (golden lion tamarin).
The time is at hand to share the experiences of South American biologists
and veterinarians with the world. Numerous scientists, clinicians,
administrators, rehabilitators, and academicians have contributed to this
book. Except for a few North American participants, the authors are South
American. The coverage of specific animal groups varies, either because
little information is available or there is a lack of authors who have
experience with the taxa.
The editors and authors are pleased to present this overview of the
biology, medicine, and surgery of South American wild animals. It is a
labor of love and dedication that wild animals may be better understood. We
hope that the health and well-being of animals, both in captivity and in
the free-ranging state, will be improved.
Murray E. Fowler, D.V.M.
Zalmir S. Cubas, D.V.M.
PREFACE ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS x
Amphibians/Reptiles: Classes Amphibia and Reptilia
1. Class Amphibia (Amphibians): Frogs, Toads 3
2. Class Reptilia, Order Crocodilia (Crocodilians): Caimans, Crocodiles 9
3. Class Reptilia, Order Chelonia (Testudinata) (Chelonians): Turtles,
Tortoises 15
4. Class Reptilia, Order Squamata (Lizards): Iguanas, Tegus 31
5. Class Reptilia, Order Squamata (Ophidia): Snakes 40
Birds: Class Aves
6. Order Sphenisciformes (Penguins) 53
7. Order Rheiformes (Rheas) 65
8. Order Tinamiformes (Tinamous) 72
9. Order Ciconiiformes (Herons, Storks, Ibises) 81
10. Order Phoenicopteriformes (Flamingos) 95
11. Order Anseriformes (Ducks, Geese, Swans) 103
12. Order Falconiformes (Hawks, Eagles, Falcons, Vultures) 115
13. Order Strigiformes (Owls) 125
14. Order Gruiformes (Sun Bitterns, Trumpeters, Rails) 133
15. Order Galliformes, Family Cracidae 136
16. Order Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves) 139
17. Order Psittaciformes (Parrots, Macaws, Conures) 146
18. Order Trochiliiformes (Hummingbirds) 174
19. Order Piciformes (Toucans, Woodpeckers) 180
20. Order Passeriformes (Songbirds) 200
Mammals: Class Mammalia
21. Order Marsupialia (Opossums) 213
22. Order Chiroptera (Bats) 219
23. Order Rodentia (Rodents) 225
24. Order Xenarthra (Edemata) (Sloths, Armadillos, Anteaters) 238
25. Order Primates (Primates) 256
Biology of the Cebidae, Anthony B. Rylands 256
Biology and Conservation: Family Callitrichidae, Claudio
Valladares-Padua 259
Nutrition, Roberto da Rocha e Silva 261
Behavior and Environmental Enrichment, Vanner Boere 263
Medicine, Jose Luiz Catao-Dias 267
Medicine, Selected Disorders, Alcides Pissinatti 272
Reproduction, Marcelo Alcindo de Barros Vaz Guimaraes 274
26. Order Carnivora, Family Canidae (Dogs, Foxes, Maned Wolves) 279
27. Order Carnivora, Family Felidae (Cats) 291
28. Order Carnivora, Family Procyonidae (Raccoons, Kinkajous) 317
29. Order Carnivora, Family Mustelidae 323
30. Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (Whales, Dolphins, Seals, Fur Seals, Sea
Lions) 332
31. Order Sirenia (Manatees, Dugongs, Sea Cows) 352
32. Order Perissodactyla, Family Tapiridae (Tapirs) 363
33. Order Artiodactyla, Family Tayassuidae (Peccaries) 377
34. Order Artiodactyla, Family Camelidae (Guanacos, Vicunas) 392
35. Order Artiodactyla, Family (Cervidae (Deer) 402
Special Topics
36. Nutrition and Nutritional Problems in Wild Animals 425
37. Ophthalmology 437
38. The Oral Cavity 457
39. Ultrasonography in South American Wild Animals 464
40. Interspecific Allometric Scaling 475
41. Pests and Nuisance Animals in Zoological Parks 482
42. Wild Animals and Public Health 493
43. Laboratory Support in Wild Animal Medicine 500
APPENDIX: DRUG DOSAGES USED IN AVIAN MEDICINE 506
Table A.1. Principle drugs and doses used in avian medicine 506
Table A.2. Medication interactions 509
Table A.3. Contraindication, collateral effects 510
CONTRIBUTORS 512
INDEX 517
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