Edited by
Christophe Boesch
Gottfried Hohmann
Linda F. Marchant
Cambridge University Press 2002
FROM THE BACK COVER
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), otherwise known as pygmy
chimpanzees, are the only two species of the genus Pan. AS they are our nearest relatives,
there has been much research devoted to investigating/he similarities and differences
between them. This book offers an extensive review of the most recent observations to
come from field studies on the diversity of Pan social behaviour, with contributions from
many of the world's leading experts in this field. A wide range of social behaviours is
discussed including tool use, hunting, reproductive strategies and conflict management,
as well as demographic variables and ecological constraints. In addition to interspecies
behavioural diversity, this text describes exciting new research into variations between
different populations of the same species. Researchers and students working in the fields
of primatology, anthropology and zoology will find this a fascinating read.
Christophe Boesch is a scientific Director of the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology in Leipzig. Germany, and is also Professor of Primatology at the
University of Leipzig. His long-term research into the behaviour of chimpanzees from the
Tai National Park in the Cote d'lvoire has earned him numerous academic accolades.
Gottfried Hohmann is a research assistant at the Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary
Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. For the past ten years, he has conducted field
research into the social behaviour of bonobos from Lomako in the Democratic Republic
of Congo.
Linda F. Marchant is Professor of Biological Anthropology in the Department of
Anthropology at Miami University,Ohio, USA. Her research has concentrated on the
study of chimpanzee behaviour in the Gombe and Mahale Mountains National Parks in
Tanzania and at Assirik in Senegal. Her video, Chimpanzee Grooming as social Custom
won Best Short Film, 2000,from the society for Visual Anthropology. She is coeditor of
the book Great Ape Societies.
CONTENTS
List of Contributors vii
Preface ix
Gottfried Hohman, Christophe Boesch,
and Linda F. Marchant
Behavioural Diversity in Pan 1
Christophe Boesch
PART 1 BEHAVIOURAL FLEXIBILITY
Introduction by Tetsuro Matsuzawa
1. Multivariate and phylogenetic approaches to understanding chimpanzee and bonobo behavioral diversity 14
Diane M. Doran, William L. Jungers, Yukamaru Sugiyama,
John G. Fleagle and Christopher P. Heesy
2. Chimpanzees in the dry habitats of Assirik, Senegal, and Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda 35
Kevin D. Hunt and William C. McGrew
3. Behavioural adaptations to water scarcity in Tongo chimpanzees 52
Annette Lanjouw
4. Bonobos of the Lukura Wildlife Research Project 61
Jo A. Myers Thompson
5. Grooming-hand-clasp in Mahale M Group chimpanzees: implications for culture in social behaviours 71
Michio Nakamura
PART 2 SOCIAL RELATIONS
Introductions by Vernon Reynolds
6. Factors influencing fission-fusion grouping in chimpanzees in the Tai National Park, Cote d'Ivoire 90
Dean P. Anderson, Erik V. Nordheim, Christophe Boesch and Timothy C. Moermond
7. Ecological and social correlates of chimpanzee party size and composition 102
John C. Mitani, David P. Watts and Jeremiah S. Lwanga
8. Agonistic relations among Kanyawara chimpanzees 112
Martin N. Muller
9. Relationships of male chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda 124
Nicholas E. Newton-Fisher
10. Dynamics in social organization of bonobos (Pan paniscus) 138
Gottfried Hohmann and Barbara Fruth
PART 3 FEMALE STRATEGIES
Introduction by Meredith F. Small
11. Why female bonobos have a lower copulation rate during estrus than chimpanzees 156
Takeshi Furuichi and Chie Hashimoto
12. Social relationships between cycling females and adult males in Mahale chimpanzees 168
Akiko Matsumoto-Oda
13. Seasonal aspects of reproduction and sexual behaviour in two chimpanzee populations: a comparison of Gombe (Tanzania) and Budongo (Uganda) 181
Janette Wallis
14. Costs and benefits of grouping for female chimpanzees at Gombe 192
Jennifer M. Williams, Hsien-Yang Lie and Anne E. Pusey
15. The cost of sexual attraction: is there a trade off in Female Pan between sex appeal and received coercion? 204
PART 4 HUNGTING AND FOOD SHARING
Introduction by Linda F. Marchant
16. Variations in chimpanzee-red colobus interactions 221
Christophe Boesch, Shigeo Uehara and Hiroshi Ihobe
17. How bonobos handle hunts and harvest: why share food? 231
Barbara Fruth and Gottfried Hohmann
18. Hunting and meat sharing by chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park,Uganda 244
David P. Watts and John C. Mitani
PART 5 GENETIC DIVERSITY
19. The evolutionary genetics and molecular ecology of chimpanzees and bonobos 259
Brenda J. Bradley and Linda Vigilant
Index 277
CONTRIBUTORS
Anderson, Dean P.
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
USA
Bradley, Brenda J.
Interdepartmental Program in Anthropological Sciences,
Stony Brook, SUNY at Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364,
USA, and Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstr. 22,
04103 Leipzig, Germany
Boesch, Christophe
Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstr. 22, 04103 Leipzig,
Germany
Doran, Diane M.
Department of Anthropology, SUNY at Stony Brook,
Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
Fleagle, John G.
Department of Anatomical Sciences, SUNY at Stony
Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
Fruth, Barbara
Max-Planck-Institute for Behavioural Physiology,
Seewiesen, RO. Box 1564, 82305 Starnberg, Germany
Furuichi, Takeshi
Laboratory of Biology, Meiji-Gakuin University,
Kamikurata, Totsuka, Yokoyama 244-8539, Japan
Hashimoto, Chie
Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kanrin,
Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
Heesy, Christopher P.
Interdepartmental Program in Anthropological Sciences,
SUNY at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794,
USA
Hohmann, Gottfried
Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstr. 22, 04103 Leipzig,
Germany
Hunt, Kevin D.
Department of Anthropology, Indiana University,
Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
Ihobe, Hiroshi
School of Human Sciences, Sugiyama Jogakuen
University, 37-234, Takenoyama, Iwasaki, Nisshin, Aichi
470-0131, Japan
Jungers, William L.
Department of Anatomical Sciences, SUNY at Stony
Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
Lanjouw, Annette
International Gorilla Conservation Programme, RO. Box
48177, Nairobi, Kenya
Liu, Hsien-Yang
Department of Computer Science, University of
Minnesota, 200 Union Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN
55455, USA
Lwanga, Jeremiah S.
Makerere University Biological Field Station, RO. Box
409, Fort Portal, Uganda
Marchant, Linda F.
Department of Anthropology, Miami University, Oxford,
OH 45056, USA
Matsumoto-Oda, Akiko
Human Evolution Studies, Department of Zoology,
Division of Biological Sciences, Kyoto University,
Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku 606-8502, Japan
Matsuzawa, Tetsuro
Primate Research Center, Kyoto University, Inuyama,
Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
McGrew, William C.
Department of Zoology and Department of Anthropology,
Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
Mitani, John C.
Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1382, USA
Moermond, Timothy C.
Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-
Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
Muller, Martin N.
Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, 11
Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Myers Thompson, Jo A.
Lukuru Wildlife Research Project, c/o RO. Box 5064,
Snowmass Village, CO 81615-5064, USA
Nakamura, Michio
Japan Monkey Centre, 26 Kanrin, Inuyama 484-0081,
Japan
Newton-Fisher, Nicholas E.
Department of Biological Anthropology, University of
Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK
Nordheim, Erik Y.
Department of Forest Ecology and Management,
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive,
Madison, WI 53706, USA
Pusey, Anne E.
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior,
University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint
Paul, MN 55108, USA
Reynolds, Vernon
Institute of Biological Anthropology, Oxford University, 58
Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6QS, UK
Small, Meredith F.
Department of Anthropology, Cornell University, Ithaca,
NY 14850, USA
Sugiyama, Yukimaru
Tokai-Gakuen University, Nakahira 2-901, Tenpaku,
Nagoya, 468-8514,Japan
Uehara, Shigeo
Primate Research Institute Kanrin, Kyoto University,
Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
Vigilant, Linda
Department of Primatology, Max-Planck Institute for
Evolutionary Primatology, Inselstr. 22, 04103 Leipzig,
Germany
Wallis, Janette
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Health
Science Center, University of Oklahoma, P.O. Box 26901,
Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
Watts, David P.
Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New
Haven, CT 06520-8277, USA
Williams, Jennifer M.
The Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies,
202 Lower Street, Shelburne Falls, MA 01370, USA
Wrangham, Richard
Department of Anthropology, Peabody Museum, Harvard
University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138,
USA
PREFACE
This book comes from a conference on 'Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and
Bonobos', held 11-17 June, 2000 at the monastery of Seeon in southern Bavaria,
Germany. Organized by Gottfried Hohmann and Christophe Boesch, and monitored by
Linda F. Marchant, the cloistered meeting heard reports from 30 researchers on 13
different populations of these African apes. Instead of publishing proceedings of the
conference, we decided to organize a collection of integrated findings on key topics.
Thus, the chapters in this book deviate from the contributions to the Seeon conference in
several ways. First, most chapters were greatly edited in order to draw direct comparisons
across sites and between species. Second, for the same purpose, some authors who gave
separate presentations at the meeting agreed to prepare combined chapters. Third, to
enlarge the scope of the book, we asked others who were not present at the meeting to
contribute.
This book is the result, and it is devoted only to research on wild populations of Pan, a
hominoid genus with two sister species, chimpanzee (R troglodytes) and bonobo
(R paniscus). Although many research facilities offer excellent housing and stimulating
social and non-social environments, when compared with field data, the steady flow of
resources, reduced fluctuation in health, safety from predators, and constrained
movements limit the ecological validity of their findings.
Behavioural diversity is not a new research topic. There is a rich tradition in comparative
ethology of examining given behaviours across species (Lorenz 1950; Hinde &
Tinbergen 1958; Wickler 1967; Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1975). These studies focused on species-
typical behavioural patterns by comparing closely related taxa. On another frontier,
researchers explored geographic variation in behaviour across populations of the same
species (Emlen 1971; Huntingford 1982; for reviews see Foster & Cameron 1996 and
Foster & Endler 1999). The aim of this book is to investigate behavioural diversity from
both perspectives: within and between species.
In history, structure and content, with Pan as its sole subject, this book has several
influential predecessors that have marked the progress of research on great apes: The
Great Apes (Hamburg & McCown 1979), Understanding Chimpanzees (Heltne &
Marquardt 1989), Chimpanzee Cultures (Wrangham et al. 1994) and Great Ape Societies
(McGrew et al. 1996). New findings demand a successor.
Since the 1990s, field research on chimpanzees has advanced in several ways. First,
several projects have lasted long enough to document whole life histories of known
individuals. Second, new study sites have been established with niches of 'unusual'
environmental features. Third, at several sites, studies now incorporate neighbouring
communities, so that intrapopulation variability can be explored. Fourth, analyses of the
genetic relationships among group members reveal the history of group members and the
fitness consequences of social and reproductive strategies. Finally, a new generation of
researchers has entered the arena, tackling old themes with new theories and techniques.
Field research on the bonobo still lags behind the work done on chimpanzees. However,
the advantage of being in the early stages of its development is that the slope of the
knowledge growth curve is still steep. Data from known individuals in long-term research
have accumulated, genetic relationships within communities have been identified and,
against long odds, new sites have been founded in areas outside the equatorial belt of
closed lowland forest. In spite of the copious attention the media has focused on the
natural history of Pan, the notion that each species lives in a different social world
remains widespread. As the chapters of this book will show, the images of the two Pan
species are rich in diversity and are still being revealed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The conference at Seeon was supported by grants from The Wenner-Gren Foundation for
Anthropological Research; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; Bayerisches
Staatsministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung, und Kunst; Max-Planck-Gesellschaft;
and a private donor. The editors thank the following people for their careful and
substantive reviews: Todd Disotell, Tony L. Goldberg, Peter M. Kappeler, William C.
McGrew, Jim Moore, Carel R van Schaik and David R Watts. We also thank Tracey
Sanderson from Cambridge University Press for her editorial guidance and helpful
comments on earlier drafts. Michael Seres kindly donated the wonderful photographs as a
source for the book's cover. This book would have never appeared without the combined
efforts and skills of many people: Sylvio Tupke, Anja Kosler, Andre Reissaus and Bela
Dornon gave technical advice and helped to prepare the graphics of the book. Special
thanks go to Paula Ross who edited the text, and co-ordinated the entire process of
editing with great competence and infinite patience.
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Posted Date: 12-05-02
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/behavioral.html
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