NATURAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION Edited by FILIPPO AURELI and FRANS B. M. DE WAAL UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London 2000 CONTENTS Preface / ix Acknowledgments / xi INTRODUCTION 1. Why Natural Conflict Resolution? Filippo Aureli and Frans B. M. de Waal / 3 PART I - HISTORY Introduction / 13 2. The First Kiss: Foundations of Conflict Resolution Research in Animals Frans B. M. de Waal / 15 BOX 2.1. Methodological Progress in Post-Conflict Research Hans C. Veenema / 21 2. Conflict Management in Children and Adolescents Peter Verbeek, Willard W. Hartup, and W. Andrew Collins / 34 3. Law, Love, and Reconciliation: Searching for Natural Conflict Resolution in Homo Sapiens Douglas H. Yarn / 54 BOX 4.1. Interpersonal Dynamics in International Conflict Mediation Joyce Neu / 65 PART II - CONTROLLING AGGRESSION Introduction / 73 5. Dominance and Communication: Conflict Management in Various Social Settings Signe Preuschoft and Carel P. van Schaik / 77 BOX 5.1. Conflict, Social Costs, and Game Theory Shuichi Matsumura and Kyoko Okamoto / 79 BOX 5.2. The Use of Infants to Buffer Male Aggression Jutta Kuester and Andreas Paul / 91 BOX 5.3. Greeting Ceremonies in Baboons and Hyenas Fernando Colmenares, Heribert Hoper, and Marion L. East / 94 6. Covariation of Conflict Management Patterns across Macaque Species Bernard Thierry / 106 BOX 6.1. Physiological Correlates of Individual Dominance Style Robert Sapolsky / 114 7. Coping with Crowded Conditions Peter G. Judge / 129 BOX 7.1. Conflict Prevention before Feeding Nicola F. Koyama / 130 8. The Peacefulness of Cooperatively Breeding Primates Colleen M. Schaffner and Nancy G. Caine / 155 PART III - REPAIRING THE DAMAGE Introduction / 173 9. Reconciliation and Relationship Qualities Marina Cords and Filippo Aureli / 177 BOX 9.1. The Function of Peaceful Post-Conflict Interactions: An Alternate View Joan B. Silk / 179 BOX 9.2. Distance Regulation in Macaques: A Form of Implicit Reconciliation? Josep Call / 191 10. The Role of Emotion in Conflict and Conflict Resolution Filippo Aureli and Darlene Smucny / 199 BOX 10.1. Vocal Reconciliation by Free-Ranging Baboons Dorothy L. Cheney and Robert M Seyfarth / 208 BOX 10.2. The Development of Reconciliation in Brown Capuchins Ann Ch. Weaver and Frans B. M. de Waal / 216 11. Beyond the Primates: Expanding the Reconciliation Horizon Gabriele Schino / 225 BOX 11.1. The Ethological Approach Precluded Recognition of Reconciliation Thelma E. Rowell / 227 BOX 11.2. Peaceful Conflict Resolution in the Sea? Amy Samuels and Cindy Flaherty / 229 BOX 11.3. Conflict Management in Female-Dominated Spotted Hyenas Heribert Hoper and Marion L. East / 232 12. A Multicultural View of Peacemaking among Young Children Marina Butovskaya, Peter Verbeek, Thomas Ljungherg, and Antonella Lunardini / 243 BOX 12.1. Post-Tantrum Affiliation with Parents: The Ontogeny of Reconciliation Michael Potegal / 253 PART IV - TRIADIC AFFAIRS Introduction / 261 13. Conflict Management via Third Parties: Post-Conflict Affiliation of the Aggressor Marjolijn Das / 263 BOX 13.1. Do Impartial Interventions in Conflicts Occur in Monkeys and Apes? Odile Petit and Bernard Thierry / 267 14. Redirection, Consolation, and Male Policing How Targets of Aggression Interact with Bystanders David P Watts, Fernando Colmenares, and Kate Arnold / 281 BOX 14.1. Triadic versus Dyadic Resolutions: Cognitive Implications Duncan L. Castles / 289 PART V - ECOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS Introduction / 305 15. The Natural History of Valuable Relationships in Primates Carel P. van Schaik and Filippo Aureli / 307 BOX 15.1. Prescription for Peacefulness Karen B. Strier, Dennison S. Carvalho, and Nilcemar O. Bejar / 315 BOX 15.2. Divergent Social Patterns in Two Primitive Primates Michael E. Pereira and Peter M. Kappeler / 318 16. Conflict Management in Cross-Cultural Perspective Douglas P. Fry / 334 17. The Evolution and Development of Morality Melanie Killen and Frans B. M. de Waal / 352 BOX 17.1. Forgiveness across Cultures Seung-Ryong Park and Robert D. Enright / 359 CONCLUSION 18. Shared Principles and Unanswered Questions Frans B. M. de Waal and Filippo Aureli / 375 APPENDIXES Appendix A. The Occurrence of Reconciliation in Nonhuman Primates / 383 Appendix B. Key Terms Used in the Volume / 387 Contributors / 389 Index / 391 PREFACE During the past two decades there has been a sharp increase in interest in cooperation, peace, and conflict resolution in disparate disciplines, such as anthropology, social and developmental psychology, ethology, political sciences, and legal studies. We have closely followed this development in animal behavior and directly participated in it with our work on nonhuman primates. In the past few years, we have had an increasing number of exchanges with colleagues from different disciplines and realized the common bases underlying these heterogeneous research efforts. This volume aims to bring together the various approaches to the study of conflict management and to emphasize the similarities among them. Many symposia, roundtables, and workshops on conflict resolution have been organized at societal discipline meetings and at interdisciplinary conferences in recent years. At the XXV International Ethological Conference in Vienna in 1997, in addition to a symposium and a roundtable there were an entire paper session and several posters devoted to animal conflict resolution. In view of the success of this conference we judged the time ripe for a volume that would summarize progress across different areas of investigation. In addition to researchers in animal behavior, we reached out for leading experts in other disciplines who have emphasized in their work the natural bases of the phenomenon. Not surprisingly, given how young and dynamic this field is, there was an overwhelmingly positive response to the project. As a result, we combine in one volume 36 original contributions based on the efforts of 52 authors and coauthors. Each contribution is a review of a particular aspect of the vast topic of conflict management some contributions summarize years of research, whereas others present recent developments. Each contribution is written to stand on its own, but it is also a part of the whole. We devoted special attention to the integration of the contributions through the use of common terminology, cross-referencing, and introductions to each part of the book. The result is an interdisciplinary volume that provides an overview of progress on many aspects of natural conflict resolution. Filippo Aureli Frans B. M. de Waal Atlanta, Georgia FROM THE BACKCOVER Aggression and competition are customarily presented as the natural state of affairs in both human society and the animal kingdom. Yet, as this book shows, our species relies heavily on cooperation for survival, as do many others---from wolves and dolphins to monkeys and apes. A distinguished group of fifty-two authors, including many of the world's leading experts on human and animal behavior, here review evidence from multiple disciplines on natural conflict resolution and show that there are sound evolutionary reasons for the peacekeeping tendencies they find. This book also addresses the cultural, ecological, cognitive, emotional, and moral perspectives of conflict resolution. It provides the tools and theories that will firmly establish conflict resolution as a field of systematic research. FILIPPO AURELI is Senior Lecturer in the School of Biological and Earth Sciences at the Liverpool John Moores University, and Collaborative Scientist in the Psychobiology Division of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. FRANS B. M. DE WAAL is C. H. Candler Professor of Primate Behavior in the Psychology Department of Emory University, and Director of Living Links at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center. He is the author of Peacemaking among Primates (Harvard, 1989) and Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape (Californiam 1997), among other books. HOW TO ORDER: California-Princeton Fulfillment Services 1445 Lower Ferry Road Ewing, NJ 08618 USA Phone: 800-UC-BOOKS or 800-777-4726 Fax: 800-999-1958 Email: orders@cpfs.pupress.princeton.edu Price: $65 Cloth ISBN: 0-520-216717 $24.95 Paper ISBN: 0-520-22346-2
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