By Tristram D. Wyatt Cambridge University Press, 2003 FROM THE BACK COVER We are entering one of the most exciting periods in the study of chemical communication since the first pheromones were identified some 40 years ago. The rapid progress that has been made is reflected in this book for advanced undergraduates and researchers, which is the first to cover the whole animal kingdom at this level for 25 years. The importance of chemical communication is illustrated with examples from a diverse range of animals including humans, marine copepods, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, moths, snakes, goldfish, elephants and mice. The book is designed to be advanced and up to date, but at the same time accessible to readers whatever their scientific background. For students of ecology, evolution and behaviour, it gives an introduction to the rapid progress in our understanding of olfaction at the molecular and neurological level. In addition, it offers chemists, molecular biologists and neurobiologists an insight into the ecological, evolutionary and behavioural context of olfactory communication. TRISTRAM WYATT is a senior researcher in the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford, where he works on pheromones and behaviour. He is also Oxford University's Director of Online and Distance Learning and a Fellow of Kellogg College, Oxford. TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xiii Acknowledgements xiv 1. Animals in a chemical world 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What are pheromones? 1 1.3 Evolution of chemical cues into signals 6 1.4 Secretory organs for pheromones 9 1.5 Functional signal design: contrasting different signal modalities 12 1.6 Specificity 16 1.7 Composite signals: pheromones working in concert with other modalities 17 1.8 Primer and releaser pheromones 18 1.9 Cost of signalling 20 1.10 Pheromones in humans? 22 1.11 Conclusion 22 1.12 Further reading 22 2. Discovering pheromones 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 How are pheromones identified? 25 2.3 Bioassays 25 2.4 Collection of chemical signals 29 2.5 Separating the chemicals, finding the active components, and identifying them 31 2.6 Multi-component pheromones and synergy 34 2.7 New tools in pheromone research 35 2.8 Conclusion 36 2.9 Further reading 36 3 Sex pheromones: finding and choosing mates 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Mate choice and sexual selection 38 3.3 Which sex should call? 40 3.4 External fertilisation and chemical duets 41 3.5 Sexual selection, scramble and contest 43 3.6 Sexual selection, mate quality and courtship 46 3.7 Leks 57 3.8 Conflict between the sexes revealed in signalling 59 3.9 Alternative mating strategies 60 3.10 Sperm competition and mate guarding 61 3.11 Sex pheromones and speciation 64 3.12 Conclusion 72 3.13 Further reading 73 4 Coming together and keeping apart: aggregation and host-marking pheromones 74 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Aggregation pheromones and Allee effects, the advantages of group living 7 4.3 Host-marking pheromones 83 4.4 Conclusion 85 4.5 Further reading 86 5 Scent marking and territorial behaviour 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Why scent mark? 90 5.3 Scent fence hypotheses 91 5.4 Scent matching 91 5.5 Border maintenance hypothesis 96 5.6 Economics of scent marking patterns in territories 97 5.7 Dear enemies 99 5.8 Over-marking 99 5.9 Scent marking in non-territorial mammals 100 5.10 Conclusion 101 5.11 Further reading 101 6 Pheromones and social organisation 102 6.1 Introduction 102 6.2 Colony, kin, family and individual recognition 103 6.3 Pheromones and reproduction in social groups: control or signalling 113 6.4 Conclusion 128 6.5 Further reading 128 7 Pheromones and recruitment communication 129 7.1 Introduction 129 7.2 Foraging ecology and evolution of recruitment communication 133 7.3 Social insects as self-organising systems 141 7.4 Conclusion 144 7.5 Further reading 145 8 Fight or flight: alarm pheromones 146 8.1 Introduction 146 8.2 Evolution of alarm signals between related individuals 147 8.3 Evolution of alarm signals in unrelated individuals 157 8.4 Conclusion 162 8.5 Further reading 163 9 Perception and action of pheromones: from receptor molecules to brains and behaviour 164 9.1 Introduction 164 9.2 Chemical cues: perception and interpretation by the brain 166 9.3 Vertebrate dual olfactory system 178 9.4 Moths and sex pheromones 186 9.5 Factors affecting behavioural and physiological responses to pheromones 188 9.6 Primer pheromones and reproduction 192 9.7 Olfactory cues and recognition learning 198 9.8 Developmental paths or metamorphosis prompted by pheromones 202 9.9 Conclusion 205 9.10 Further reading 205 10 Finding the source: pheromones and orientation behaviour 206 10.1 Introduction 206 10.2 Investigating orientation behaviour mechanisms 207 10.3 Ranging behaviour: search strategies for finding odour plumes, trails or gradients 209 10.4 Finding the source: orientation to pheromones 210 10.5 Conclusion 227 10.6 Further reading 228 11 Breaking the code: illicit signallers and receivers of semiochemical signals 229 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Eavesdropping 230 11.3 Chemical communication in mutualisms 237 11.4 Deception by aggressive mimicry of sex pheromones 240 11.5 Propaganda 241 11.6 Specialist relationships of predators, guests and parasites of social insects 244 11.7 Conclusion 249 11.8 Further reading 249 12 Using pheromones: applications 251 12.1 Introduction 229 12.2 Pheromones used with beneficial and domestic animals 251 12.3 Pheromones in pest management 255 12.4 Pest resistance to pheromones? 267 12.5 Commercialisation - problems and benefits of pheromones 267 12.6 Conclusion 269 12.7 Further reading 269 13 On the scent of human attraction: human pheromones? 270 13.1 Introduction 270 13.2 Cultural and social aspects of odours and humans 273 13.3 Evidence that olfaction is important in human behaviour and biology 274 13.4 Candidate compounds for human pheromone odours 285 13.5 Perception of odours 291 13.6 Putting human odours to use: applications 295 13.7 Conclusion 299 13.8 Further reading 300 Appendix A1 An introduction to pheromones for non-chemists 302 Appendix A2 Isomers and pheromones 304 Appendix A3 Further reading on pheromone chemical structure 309 References 310 List of credits 359 Index 371 PREFACE Pheromones offer exceptional opportunities to study fundamental biological problems. Recent progress in the field is rapid. The excitement comes from the convergence of powerful techniques from different areas of science including chemistry and animal behaviour, combined with new techniques in genomics and molecular biology. For perhaps the first time, we can now investigate questions at every level: molecular, neurobiological, hormonal, behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary. The discoveries from molecular biologists are likely to greatly expand our knowledge of the evolutionary biology of olfactory communication. Equally, molecular biology only makes sense in the context of evolution. Pheromone research almost always brings together biologists of many kinds and a rich diversity of chemists - each is approaching the other parts of the study as a non-specialist. This book is designed to bridge those gaps and to bring together people already working on pheromones and to encourage others to take up the challenge. Different parts of the book emphasise examples from different taxa. For example, mammals feature more strongly than invertebrates in the sections on individual variation and hormonal effects of pheromones, but invertebrates dominate the chapter on searching behaviour. Because of pressure of space, the literature citations in the text are more to offer a way into the current literature than to give full credit for discoveries. WHERE TO ORDER: Cambridge University Press 110 Midland Avenue Port Chester, NY 10573-4930 General phone: (914)937-9600 General fax: (914)937-4712 www.us.cambridge.org ISBN: 0521485266 (paperback) $40.00 USD ISBN: 052148068X (hardcover) $100.00 USD Posted Date: 6/10/2003
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/review/Pheromones.html
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