The references below focus on either extinct or extant hominoid locomotion studies and biomechanics, hominoid anatomy and morphology, and phylogeny and cladistics. In other words this information is only pertinent to the evolution of hominoid locomotion, even so it focuses on non-hominid locomotion. The purpose of the research I am doing is to see if it is possible to reconstruct what the common ancestor of African apes and humans looked like and how they moved using the information available from the fossil record and extant hominoid species.
Turnbaugh, W. A.; Jurmain, R.; Nelson, H.; Kilgore, L.
1996. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archeology 6th ed.
West Publishing Company.
Lewin, Roger
1993. Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction 3rd ed.
Blackwell's Scientific Publications.
Aiello and Dean
1990. An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy. Academic Press.
Klein, Richard J.
1989. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins.
The University of Chicago Press.
Fleagle, John G.
1988. Primate Adaption and Evolution. Academic Press.
Andrews and Pilbeam
1996. The nature of the evidence.
Nature, 379. 123-124.
Gebo, D. L.
1996. Climbing, brachiation, and terrestrial quadrupedalism:
Historical
precursors of hominid bipedalism.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 101(1). 55-92.
Moy=E0-Sol=E0 and Kohler
1996. A Dryopithecus skeleton and the origins of great-ape
locomotion.
Nature, 379. 156-159.
Begun, D. R.
1994. Relations among the great apes and humans: New interpretations
based on the fossil great ape Dryopithecus.
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 37(0). 11-63.
Hunt, Kevin D.
1994. Body size effects on vertical climbing among chimpanzees.
International Journal of Primatology, 15(6). 855-865.
Inouye, Sandra Emiko.
1994. Ontogeny of knuckle-walking hand postures in African apes.
Journal of Human Evolution, 26(5-6). 459-485.
Rose, M.D.
1994. Quadrupedalism in some Miocence catarrhines.
Journal of Human Evolution, 26. 387-411.
Steudel, Karen L.
1994. Locomotor energetics and hominid evolution.
Evolutionary Anthropology, 3(2). 42-48.
Meldrum, D. Jeffrey.
1993. On plantigrady and quadrupedalism.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 91(3). 379-381.
Ward, C. V.
1993. Torso morphology and locomotion in Proconsul nyanzae.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 92(3). 291-328.
Begun, D. R.
1992. Miocene fossil hominids and the chimp-human clade.
Science, 257(5078). 1929-1933.
Begun, D. R.
1992. Phyletic diversity and locomotion in primitive European
hominoids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 87(3). 311-340.
Gebo, D. L.
1992. Plantigrady and foot adaptation in African apes: Implications
for hominid origins.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 89(1). 29-58.
Kimura, Tasuku.
1992. Hindlimb dominance during primate high-speed locomotion.
Primates, 33(4). 465-476.
Walker, A
1992. Louis Leakey, John Napier and the history of Proconsul.
Journal of Human Evolution, 22 (4-5). 245-254.
Beynon, A. D.; Dean M. C.; Reid, D. J.
1991. On thick and thin enamel in hominoids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86(2). 295-310.
Hunt, Kevin D.
1991. Mechanical implication of chimpanzee positional behavior.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 86(4). 521-536.
Jungers, W. L.
1991. Scaling of postcranial joint size in hominoid primates.
Human Evolution, 6(5-6). 391-399.
Kimura, T.
1991. Voluntary bipedal walking of infant chimpanzees.
Human Evolution, 6(5-6). 377-390.
Larson S. G.; Stern J. T. jr.; Jungers W. L.
1991. EMG of Serratus Anterior and Trapezius in the Chimpanzee
Scapular Rotators revisited.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 85(1). 71-84.
Takahashi, L. K.
1991. Forearm elongation in gibbons: hypothesis and preliminary
results.
International Journal of Primatology, 12(6). 599-614.
Vancata, V.
1991. Evolution of femur and tibia in higher primates: adaptive
morphological
patterns and phylogenetic diversity.
Human Evolution, 6(1). 1-47.
Schmitt, Jacob.
1990. Phylogenetic relationships and rates of evolution in
primates: allozymic
data from catarrhine and platyrrhine species.
Primates, 31(1). 95-108.
Swartz, Sharon
1990. Curvature of the forelimb bones of the anthropoid primates:
overall
allometric patterns and specialization in suspensory species.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 83(4). 477-498.
Takahashi, L. K.
1990. Morphological basis of arm-swinging: multivariate analyses of
the
forelimbs of Hylobates and Ateles.
Folia Primatologica, 54(1-2). 70-85
Verhaegen, M. J. B.
1990. African ape ancestry.
Human evolution, 5(3). 295-297
Yamazaki, N.
1990. Effects of gravity on the interrelationship between body
proportions and
brachiation in the gibbon.
Human Evolution, 5(6). 543-558.
Swartz, Sharon M.
1989. Pendular mechanics and the kinematics and energetics of
brachiating locomotion.
International Journal of Primatology, 10(5). 387-418.
Larson S. G.
1988. Subscapularis function in Gibbons and Chimpanzees: Implications
for interpretation of humeral head torsion in hominoids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76(4). 449-462.
Rose, M. D.
1988. Another look at the anthropoid elbow.
Journal of Human Evolution, 17(1-2). 193-224.
Abitbol, M. M.
1987. Evolution of the Sacrum in hominoids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 74(1) 65-82
Andrews, Peter.
1987. Cladistic relationships of extant and fossil hominoids.
Journal of Human Evolution, 16(1). 101-118.
Edelstein, S. J.
1987. Alternative paradigm for hominoid evolution.
Human Evolution, 2(2). 169-174.
Malone, David.
1987. Mechanisms of hominoid dispersal in Miocene East Africa.
Journal of Human Evolution, 16(6). 469-481.
Vancata, V.
1987. Major features in the evolution of early hominoid locomotion.
Human Evolution, 2(6). 517-537.
*Begun, D. R.
1997. A Eurasian origin of the Hominidae.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 24). 73-74.
*Cachel, S
1995. Niche differentiation among Miocene fossil hominoids as
determined by Hutchinsonian ratios.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 18). 64.
*Martin, L. B.
1995. Oldest known thick-enamelled ape.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 20). 144.
*Maclatchy, L. M.
1994. A three dimensional quantification and analysis of hip joint
structure in
primates.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 18). 138.
*Martin, L. B.; Kinzey, W. G.; Maas, M. C.
1994. Enamel thickness in pithecine primates.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 18). 138.
*Ward, C. V.
1994. Locomotor and obstetric constraints in hominoid pelvic evolution.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 18). 204.
*Smith, F. J.; Duray, S. M.
1993. Multivariate comparison of metric components of the distal
humeral
articular surface of bipeds, knuckle walkers, and brachiators.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 16). 183.
*Begun, D. R.
1993. Phyletic affinities and functional convergence in European
Miocene hominoids and living
hominids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 16). 54.
*Martin, L. B.
1993. Phylogenetic and adaptive significance of thick enamel in
hominoid evolution.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 16). 139.
*Rose, M. D.
1993. The forelimb of Miocene hominoids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 16). 167-168.
*Schwartz, J. H.
1993. Lufengpithecus and hominoid phylogeny problems in delineating
and evaluating phylogenetically
relevant characters.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 16). 176.
*Ward, C. V.
1993. Function and phylogeny in hominoid trunk and hindlimb evolution.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 16). 204.
*Cachel, S
1992. Early to Middle Miocene East African fossil hominoids and
Australopithecine Megadontia.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 14). 56-57.
*Martin, L. B.
1992. Enamel thickness in Miocene hominoids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl, 14). 118.
*Martin L. B.; Andrews P. J.
1991. Species recognition in Middle Miocene hominoids.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 0(Suppl. 12). 126.
Martin, L. B.
1989. Development of enamel thickness in hominoid primates.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 78(2). 268.
*Begun, D. R.
1988. Diversity and affinities of Dryopithecus.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 75(2). 185.
Matthew D. Joanis
Anthropology
St. Lawrence University
E-mail: x8h1@music.stlawu.edu
Homepage: it.stlawu.edu/~mjoanis/MAIN
URL: http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/loco.html
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February 15, 2002
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